Causes: Need to increase food production. Effects: Increased yields, environmental degradation, and social inequality.

Causes: Need for more farmland. Effects: Soil erosion, habitat loss, and climate change.

Causes: Need for water in dry areas. Effects: Increased crop yields, water depletion, and soil salinization.

Causes: Globalization and technological advancements. Effects: Increased efficiency, loss of small farms, and environmental concerns.

Causes: Greenhouse gas emissions. Effects: Changes in growing seasons, increased droughts, and altered crop yields.

Causes: Overgrazing, deforestation, and intensive farming. Effects: Reduced soil fertility, decreased crop yields, and increased erosion.

Causes: Need to protect crops from pests. Effects: Increased crop yields, environmental pollution, and health risks.

Causes: Population growth and economic development. Effects: Loss of farmland, increased food prices, and changes in rural landscapes.

Causes: Economic and political goals. Effects: Subsidies, trade barriers, and regulations that influence agricultural production and trade.

Causes: Concerns about health and the environment. Effects: Increased organic farming, higher prices, and changes in agricultural practices.

The transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer societies to settled agricultural communities through the domestication of plants and animals.

The introduction of new technologies and farming techniques during the Industrial Revolution, leading to increased agricultural productivity.

A period of increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in the developing world, during the late 20th century, due to high-yield crops and fertilizers.

A model that explains agricultural land use patterns based on transportation costs and market location; closer to the market, more intensive farming.

A complex network of economic, political, and social relationships that shape food production, distribution, and consumption worldwide.

As distance from the market increases, the intensity of agricultural land use decreases due to higher transportation costs.

Increased use of high-yield seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation to boost agricultural output.

Extensive agriculture uses less capital and labor relative to land, while intensive agriculture uses more capital and labor relative to land.

Climate determines which crops can be grown in a particular region; e.g., humid tropics for some crops, moderate climates for others.

Demand influences what crops are grown and where, with more developed countries often purchasing luxury foods like tropical fruits and beef.

Extensive: less capital/labor relative to land. Intensive: more capital/labor relative to land.

First: Domestication of plants/animals. Second: Mechanization and improved farming techniques.

Metes and Bounds: Irregular, uses natural features. Township and Range: Grid pattern, square townships.

Pastoral Nomadism: Subsistence, herding animals. Ranching: Commercial, livestock grazing over large areas.

Market Gardening: Small-scale, local. Plantation Farming: Large-scale, commercial.

Positive: Increased food production. Negative: Environmental degradation and social inequality.

Long-lot: Long, narrow lots along rivers. Township and Range: Grid pattern of square townships.

Tropical: Year-round growing season, but high risk of pests and diseases. Temperate: Seasonal growing season, but less risk of pests.

Small farms: Local, diverse crops. Agribusinesses: Large-scale, specialized, and integrated supply chains.

Organic: No synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Conventional: Uses synthetic inputs for higher yields.