Causes: housing discrimination, economic inequality, personal preferences. Effects: unequal access to resources, limited opportunities, social isolation.

Causes: economic opportunities, migration, population growth. Effects: increased population density, environmental degradation, social changes.

Causes: increased mobility, economic development, reduced congestion. Effects: increased property values, displacement, environmental impacts.

Causes: hurricanes, earthquakes, floods. Effects: displacement, infrastructure damage, economic losses, social disruption.

Causes: economic growth, investment, urban renewal. Effects: gentrification, displacement, increased property values, infrastructure improvements.

Causes: investment in urban areas, increased demand for housing, changing demographics. Effects: displacement of low-income residents, increased property values, cultural changes.

Causes: population growth, car dependency, affordable housing. Effects: increased traffic, environmental degradation, loss of farmland, social isolation.

Causes: lack of access to education, job opportunities, discrimination. Effects: poverty, crime, social unrest, health disparities.

Causes: greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, industrialization. Effects: sea-level rise, extreme weather events, heat waves, water scarcity.

Causes: lack of social connections, mobility limitations, poverty. Effects: mental health issues, reduced community engagement, increased crime.

Data collected about cities, towns, and built-up areas, including demographics, economics, housing, and infrastructure.

Data that can be measured and expressed numerically, used to describe trends and patterns.

Process of collecting data about population and housing, conducted regularly by governments for planning and policy-making.

Separation of racial/ethnic groups into different residential areas, often caused by housing discrimination and economic inequality.

Descriptive data that cannot be measured numerically, used to understand experiences, perspectives, and feelings.

Observing and collecting data in person, including interviews, surveys, and observations, to understand the context of a place or issue.

The process of designing and managing the physical growth and development of cities and urban areas.

Statistical data about the characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, race, and income.

The process of examining geographic patterns to identify relationships, associations, or clusters.

Urban development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Planning, data collection (surveys/forms), data processing, analysis, and dissemination of results.

Define research question, select study area, collect data (observations, interviews), analyze data, and draw conclusions.

Collect census data on race/ethnicity, calculate segregation indices, create thematic maps, and analyze spatial patterns.

Transcription, coding (identifying themes), thematic analysis, interpretation, and reporting findings.

Data collection, analysis, identification of issues, policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation.

Data collection, data processing, selection of map type, design of map elements, and map creation.

Define research objectives, design questionnaire, select sample, administer survey, analyze data, and report findings.

Data cleaning, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, data visualization, and interpretation of results.

Image acquisition, image processing, feature extraction, classification, and analysis of urban features.

Assessment of current conditions, setting goals, identifying strategies, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.