Causes: Technological advancements, access to resources. Effects: Cheaper goods, increased availability, urbanization, pollution.

Causes: Desire for mutual benefit, proximity to resources. Effects: Increased innovation, economic growth, potential for congestion and pollution.

Causes: Automation, globalization, shift to service economy. Effects: Job losses in manufacturing, urban decay, rise of new industries.

Causes: Economic and political power imbalances. Effects: Dependence on powerful countries, exploitation of resources, perpetuation of uneven development.

Causes: Desire to reduce waste and storage costs. Effects: Increased efficiency, reliance on reliable transportation, vulnerability to disruptions.

Causes: Demand for customized products, technological advancements. Effects: Flexible production, niche markets, increased consumer choice.

Causes: Globalization, desire for market expansion. Effects: Increased global trade, foreign direct investment, potential exploitation of labor and resources.

Causes: Lower labor costs, trade agreements. Effects: Increased manufacturing in developing countries, job creation, potential for exploitation of workers.

Causes: Warm climate, job opportunities, lower cost of living. Effects: Population growth, economic development, increased demand for resources.

Causes: Technological advancements, reduced trade barriers. Effects: Increased global trade, cultural exchange, economic interdependence, potential for exploitation of labor and resources.

Market: Driven by supply and demand, private ownership. Command: Government controlled, centralized planning.

Fordist: Mass production, standardized goods. Post-Fordist: Flexible, customized production.

Developed: High levels of industrialization, advanced technology. Developing: Lower levels of industrialization, reliance on agriculture or resource extraction.

Developed: Job creation, economic growth, competition. Developing: Investment, infrastructure, potential exploitation, dependence.

Traditional: Based on customs, limited technology. Modern: Market-driven, advanced technology.

Agglomeration: Grouping of activities for mutual benefit. Deglomeration: Dispersal of activities due to negative externalities.

Industrialization: Growth of manufacturing. Deindustrialization: Decline of manufacturing.

Colonialism: Direct political control. Neocolonialism: Economic and political influence without direct control.

Sun Belt: Growing industries, service-based economy. Rust Belt: Declining manufacturing, aging infrastructure.

Industrialization: High pollution, resource depletion. Sustainable Development: Reduced pollution, resource conservation.

An economy based on customs and traditions, often involving farming and bartering.

An economy driven by supply and demand, with free markets and competition.

An economy where the government controls everything, using centralized planning.

An economy that blends elements of market and command systems.

Industrialization and economic growth can lead to both progress and problems, resulting in uneven development across regions and countries.

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Railroads increased the movement of goods, people, and ideas, acting as the arteries of the economy.

Access to raw materials, facilitated by steamships, fueled industrial growth.

Factory jobs gave women more economic power and contributed to overall economic growth.

Increased global trade leads to more development and knowledge sharing between countries.