Causes: Technological change, globalization. Effects: Rising unemployment, declining incomes, social unrest.

Higher GDP, increased urbanization, and a more skilled labor force.

Periphery countries become dependent on core countries for trade and investment, often lacking economic and political power.

Companies move production to countries with lower labor costs, leading to factory closures in developed countries.

Automation reduces the need for human labor in manufacturing, causing job losses and factory closures.

Changes in class structure, increased inequality, and changing gender roles.

Efficient movement of goods over long distances, crucial for the global supply chain.

Depletion of natural resources, environmental degradation, and long-term economic instability.

Drives innovation and competitiveness in other sectors through research, technology, and information.

Through strategic decisions and policy development that shape the direction of the entire economy.

Extraction of raw materials from the earth (farming, mining, fishing, forestry).

Processing raw materials into finished goods (manufacturing, construction).

Providing services rather than physical goods (healthcare, education, finance).

Creation and distribution of knowledge and information (R&D, IT, consulting).

Highest level of economic activity involving decision-making and policy-making.

The entire process of a product's life, from raw material extraction to final sale.

Locations where goods transfer from one mode of transportation to another.

Highly industrialized, economically advanced countries that dominate the global economy.

Countries between the core and periphery, with a mix of characteristics from both.

Less industrialized, less economically developed countries often dependent on core countries.

Decline in a country's industrial sector, often with job losses and factory closures.

Primary extracts raw materials; Secondary processes them into finished goods.

Tertiary provides services; Quaternary creates and distributes knowledge and information.

Core is highly industrialized and dominates; Periphery is less developed and dependent.

Semi-periphery has some industrialization; periphery is less industrialized and more dependent on core countries.

Core countries have diversified economies with advanced technology, while periphery countries rely on primary sector activities.

Primary sector involves manual labor and extraction, while quaternary requires high-skilled knowledge workers.

Tertiary provides essential services, while quinary makes strategic decisions that shape economic policy.

Both experienced job losses, but the US shifted to services, while the UK faced decline in traditional industries.

The secondary sector involves manufacturing and construction, while the tertiary sector provides services like healthcare and education.

Semi-periphery countries serve as a buffer between core and periphery, exhibiting characteristics of both and often acting as intermediaries in trade.