Industrial and Economic Development

Expansion of mixed-use developments integrating research facilities with residential areas.

Large-scale establishment of export processing zones near transportation hubs.

Growth in exurban areas dedicated solely to agricultural innovations and farming techniques.

Construction of extensive warehouse districts supporting mass commodity storage needs.

Reduced ecological footprint because manufacturing has stricter environmental checks than agriculture does.

There may be increased pollution due to factory emissions not regulated by stringent environmental laws.

Increased biodiversity conservation efforts as secondary industries support sustainable practices through corporate responsibility initiatives.

Improved air quality resulting from decreased use of pesticides associated with large-scale agriculture.

Gentrification

Deindustrialization

Globalization

Urbanization

Quaternary

Primary

Tertiary

Secondary

By creating low-skill jobs for the economically disadvantaged population.

It offers high-paying job opportunities that provide upward mobility and redistributes wealth through taxation.

Through encouraging overreliance on foreign investments in developing countries.

By triggering inflation, hence reducing real income gaps between different social classes.

Greenland

Saudi Arabia

Japan

Switzerland

Primary

Services

Tertiary

Quaternary

An elevation profile cross-section showing topography between sources and factories

A bar chart comparing quantities of raw materials extracted from each site

A bubble chart correlating country population sizes with raw material outputs

Flow lines on a world map connecting resource sites to production areas

It does not account for the exploitation and unequal relationships between countries in different stages.

Its stages are not applicable to service-based economies.

The model assumes all nations will inevitably progress through all five stages.

It suggests that industrialization is an essential step towards economic growth.

Secondary Sector

Primary Sector

Tertiary Sector

Quaternary Sector