Agriculture and Rural Land–Use

It reduces productivity as it limits access to resources for a large portion of workers.

It increases productivity by creating competition among genders.

It enhances productivity due to distinct roles of men and women.

It has no effect on agricultural productivity.

Increase in the national birth rate

Decrease in the country's GDP

Decrease in the national birth rate

Increase in the country's GDP

No significant changes on demographic dynamics.

Increase in total fertility rate only.

Leads to lower birth rates & total fertility rates; decrease in population; increased life expectancies

Increases birth rates; increase in population; decreased life expectancies

Lower productivity of male laborers due to migration to urban areas

Government policies promoting gender equality

Increase in female literacy rates

Emergence of women's rights movements

They mainly focus on marketing and selling processed shea products.

They are primarily responsible for exporting bulk quantities of raw shea nuts internationally.

They predominantly engage in collecting and processing shea nuts into butter.

Their participation is limited to planting and harvesting the shea trees only.

It suggests that physical geography shapes how societies develop, potentially influencing gender roles in agriculture.

It implies that technological advancements are the sole factor determining women’s participation in agriculture.

It argues that cultural traditions override any geographic influences on women’s agricultural roles.

It emphasizes the impact of economic policies more than physical geography on gendered labor division.

Introduction of heavy machinery that automates many farming tasks.

Transition from commercial to organic farming methods that require more manual labor.

Consolidation of small farms into larger agribusinesses reducing the need for labor.

Implementation of genetically modified crops that resist pests and reduce care needed.

Access to wider markets encourages adaptation of commercial farming methods to meet export demands.

Lack of interest in monoculture cash crops due to heightened risk associated with dependence on single exports.

Government subsidies that continue to support traditional subsistence crop growing in order to maintain local cultural identities.

Steadfast maintenance of subsistence farming practices due to lack of resources to pivot towards market-driven production.

Establishing community-based childcare centers where children are safely supervised during work hours.

Introducing automated farming machinery without proper training or resources to maintain them.

Mandating longer working hours for these women without domestic support systems.

Encouraging urban migration to reduce rural population density.

Chile

Bolivia

Brazil

Argentina