All Flashcards
What are the differences between nominal and real interest rates?
Nominal interest rate is the stated rate, while real interest rate is adjusted for inflation.
What are the differences between M1 and M2?
M1 is the most liquid money, while M2 includes M1 plus less liquid assets like savings accounts.
What are the differences between the money market and the loanable funds market?
The money market deals with nominal interest rates and the money supply, while the loanable funds market deals with real interest rates and savings/investment.
What are the differences between monetary and fiscal policy?
Monetary policy is controlled by the central bank, while fiscal policy is controlled by the government.
What is the difference between the discount rate and the federal funds rate?
The discount rate is the rate the Fed charges banks, while the federal funds rate is the rate banks charge each other.
Compare and contrast reserve requirements and open market operations as tools of monetary policy.
Both affect the money supply, but reserve requirements directly change bank lending capacity, while open market operations involve buying/selling government bonds.
Compare and contrast the functions of money as a medium of exchange and a store of value.
As a medium of exchange, money facilitates transactions. As a store of value, money allows people to defer consumption into the future.
What is the difference between the short-run and long-run effects of expansionary monetary policy?
In the short-run, it can lower unemployment and increase output. In the long-run, it can lead to inflation.
What is the difference between the supply of money and the demand for money?
The supply of money is determined by the FED, while the demand for money is influenced by factors like price level and real GDP.
What is the difference between assets and liabilities on a bank balance sheet?
Assets are what the bank owns (e.g., loans), while liabilities are what the bank owes (e.g., deposits).
What is the difference between saving and investment in the loanable funds market?
Saving is the supply of loanable funds, while investment is the demand for loanable funds.
What is the impact of lowering the discount rate on the money supply?
Increases the money supply.
What is the impact of increasing the reserve requirement on the money supply?
Decreases the money supply.
What is the impact of the FED buying bonds on aggregate demand?
Increases aggregate demand.
What is the impact of contractionary monetary policy on inflation?
Decreases inflation.
What is the impact of expansionary monetary policy on unemployment?
Decreases unemployment.
How does the FED use monetary policy to stimulate the economy during a recession?
By lowering interest rates and increasing the money supply.
What is the effect of the FED raising the federal funds rate?
It decreases the money supply and increases interest rates.
What is the impact of increased government borrowing on private investment?
It can decrease private investment (crowding out).
What is the impact of a decrease in the discount rate on investment?
It tends to increase investment.
What is the impact of the FED selling bonds on the nominal interest rate?
It increases the nominal interest rate.
What is the impact of a lower reserve requirement on the amount of loans banks can make?
Increases the amount of loans banks can make.
Analyze the effect of an increase in the price level on the money market graph.
The money demand curve shifts right, increasing the nominal interest rate.
Analyze the effect of the FED buying bonds on the money market graph.
The money supply curve shifts right, decreasing the nominal interest rate.
Analyze the effect of increased savings on the loanable funds market graph.
The supply curve shifts right, decreasing the real interest rate.
Analyze the effect of increased borrowing on the loanable funds market graph.
The demand curve shifts right, increasing the real interest rate.
What does a vertical money supply curve indicate?
The money supply is independent of the interest rate and is controlled by the FED.
What happens to the money demand curve if real GDP increases?
The money demand curve shifts to the right.
What happens to the money supply curve if the FED increases the reserve requirement?
The money supply curve shifts to the left.
On a money market graph, what does the intersection of money supply and money demand represent?
The equilibrium nominal interest rate.
On a loanable funds market graph, what does the intersection of supply and demand represent?
The equilibrium real interest rate.
Analyze the effect of a decrease in transaction costs on the money market graph.
The money demand curve shifts left, decreasing the nominal interest rate.
Analyze the effect of the FED selling bonds on the money market graph.
The money supply curve shifts left, increasing the nominal interest rate.