Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle
If the central bank aims to reduce inflation that is primarily caused by excess demand, which policy combination would be most effective in achieving this goal without severely impacting long-term economic growth?
Increase money supply and decrease taxes.
Decrease interest rates and increase taxes.
Implement expansionary fiscal policy while keeping monetary policy constant.
Increase interest rates and decrease government spending.
How might moderate inflation affect a nation's unemployment rate in the short run according to the Phillips curve?
It remains unchanged as inflation does not affect employment.
It fluctuates unpredictably without any clear trend.
It might increase due to decreased purchasing power.
It might decrease due to increased economic activity.
Which group may face erosion of the purchasing power of their savings due to unanticipated inflation?
Workers on fixed incomes
Borrowers with variable rates
Savers
Firms that can cut real wages
What is the term used to describe a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money?
Stagflation
Deflation
Disinflation
Inflation
Over the long term, how does successful inflation targeting primarily affect an economy's real output?
It results in frequent and sharp fluctuations in real output.
It leads to sustained increases in real output.
It has no significant impact on long-term real output.
It causes continuous declines in real output levels.
If a central bank successfully implements inflation targeting, what is the most likely short-term effect on price stability?
Increased predictability of inflation rates.
A rapid decrease in the general price level.
Immediate stabilization of all prices.
Elimination of cyclical unemployment.
What could be a potential short-term side effect for an economy immediately after adopting a strict inflation targeting policy?
Short-lived higher interest rates.
A permanent increase in national productivity.
Permanent zero interest rate policy adoption.
Long-lasting deflationary pressures on the economy.

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Expansionary fiscal policy would likely involve which one of these actions during a recession?
Reduce employment rates
Increase government spending
Increase interest rates
Decrease money supply
If persistent inflation affects a nation’s currency value, what is a likely outcome in terms of international trade?
Exports may become more expensive abroad, leading to an expansion in the domestic industry.
The value of the nation's currency rises, making their exports competitively priced on the global market.
Foreign investors may increase direct investment in anticipation of higher returns.
Imported goods become more expensive, possibly reducing the quantity imported.
Based on historical trends, how would a sudden unexpected sharp depreciation (local currency devaluation) affect nations?
Little immediate influence considering the lag time required to adjust pricing structures and react adequately.
Likely rise in export volume resulting in a temporary boost in competitiveness vis-a-vis global market counterparts.
Diminished risk triggering an instantaneous severe crisis leading to rapid external debt accumulation.
Certain protectionist measures are put in place to safeguard against potential negative implications of such movements.