Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle
What measure of economic activity is often used to gauge the overall health and performance of an economy?
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
Unemployment Rate
Inflation Rate
If a central bank engages in contractionary monetary policy during an inflationary period what is likely result within business cycles?
It increases price levels further spurring ongoing inflationary trends.
It immediately causes deep recession & high rates unemployment.
It results persistent deflation even if economy not overheating yet.
It slows down economic expansion & helps control inflation.
In the context of the business cycle, what typically happens to unemployment rates during a recession?
They decrease.
They increase.
They fluctuate unpredictably.
They remain constant.
When a country's currency appreciates, what is the most likely immediate effect on its balance of trade?
There is no significant change in the balance between imports and exports.
The quantity of imports declines while that of exports remains constant.
The value of imports increases relative to exports.
The quantity of exports rises while that of imports remains constant.
What measure of economic activity represents the percentage of the working-age population that is actively participating in the labor force?
Unemployment Rate
Labor Force Participation Rate
Employment-to-Population Ratio
Inflation Rate
Considering that real interest rate differentials between countries can affect capital flows, how would an unexpected increase in domestic real interest rates likely impact a balance of payments?
An unexpected hike in domestic real interest rates should discourage both incoming and outgoing investment due to increased uncertainty, showing short-term deterioration in financial account.
Expats will more likely repatriate savings back home due to higher returns, promising an improved current account through increased net transfers.
Higher domestic real interest rates might induce an inflow of foreign capital, improving financial accounts but possibly hurting current accounts if the currency appreciates too strongly.
Unpredictable raises in real rates are anticipated to decrease overall investor confidence, leading to a capital flight negatively affecting the balance of payments.
Which policy tool can governments use to directly alleviate poverty?
Transfer Payments
Spectacular Growth
Interest Rate Adjustments
Taxation Levels

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If the Federal Reserve sets a higher inflation target, what short-term effect might this have on unemployment?
It may increase because of decreased consumer purchasing power.
It remains unchanged as inflation does not affect unemployment.
It may decrease due to the short-run Phillips curve relationship.
It may fluctuate unpredictably due to changes in interest rates.
What is generally expected to happen with consumer spending during an expansion phase of the business cycle?
Only luxury goods spending increases.
There are no changes to consumer spending.
It decreases significantly.
It increases.
If a country is experiencing high inflation with moderate growth, which monetary policy action could potentially bring down the inflation rate without significantly hindering economic growth?
Lowering the discount rate to stimulate borrowing.
Sharply raising interest rates.
Slightly increasing the reserve requirement ratio.
Engaging in extensive open market purchases.