Long–Run Consequences of Stabilization Policies
What is "crowding out" in the context of fiscal policy?
A reduction in exports due to a country's currency appreciating against foreign currencies.
An increase in government borrowing that leads to higher interest rates and reduced private investment.
An increase in money supply by the central bank that reduces the value of currency.
A decrease in government spending that leads to lower taxes and increased consumer savings.
What secondary effect might occur if expansionary monetary policy coincides with significant increases in federal spending during an economic boom?
A surplus in both budget and trade balances will emerge due to stimulated production exceeding consumption demands.
Lowering unemployment below its natural level may induce rapid wage increases without affecting price levels or output.
Increased liquidity might fuel inflation rather than output growth since the economy is already at or near potential output level.
Expansionist policies will result in long-term sustainable growth by permanently shifting aggregate supply rightward.
What happens when businesses reduce their investments due to higher interest rates?
Consumption by households surges
Innovation and expansion decrease
Corporate profits immediately increase
Unemployment rate falls dramatically
What happens to interest rates due to the crowding-out effect?
They have no impact
They decrease
They remain the same
They increase
When a country experiences substantial external debt due mainly by public sector borrowing from abroad, what is one possible negative outcome related directly crowding out?
Decreased export prices automatically follow excessive reliance on international lenders to support budgetary needs.
Increased volatility in financial markets resulting from larger proportions of sovereign debt held by foreigners compared to domestic investors.
Higher future tax burdens ensure repayment debts thus potentially reducing disposable incomes.
Unchanged unemployment levels despite large-scale interventions aimed at stimulating job creation via infrastructural development projects.
What could be a potential consequence of crowding out during periods of economic expansion?
Lower unemployment rates as a result of increased government hiring from fiscal stimulus.
Slower growth due to reduced business capital expenditures prompted by higher interest rates.
Enhanced economic growth because of increased competition for loans among investors.
Increased consumer saving due to greater confidence inspired by substantial fiscal expansion.
What would be a consequence of increased government deficits financed through borrowing from foreign sources?
Lower domestic income levels as money flows into foreign economies instead of domestic circulation.
Domestic currency appreciation making exports less competitive internationally.
A decrease in aggregate demand due to reduced confidence in fiscal policy stability.
Immediate reduction in national debt since foreign creditors finance deficits with better terms than domestic ones.

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In which phase of the business cycle would crowding out most likely limit economic growth by inhibiting corporate capital expenditures?
Expansionary phase when high demand for funds can raise interest rates.
Contractionary phase when low activity keeps demand for loans low.
Recovery stage where monetary policy is targeted towards reducing interests rate substantially.
Trough where low interest rates are aimed at stimulating investments.
Assuming rational expectations, how might consumers react to anticipated government deficit spending funded through bond issuance that they expect will lead to future tax increases?
Consumer confidence will rise due to anticipated government investments improving long-term economic prospects and fueling additional spending.
They may increase their saving now anticipating higher future tax liability, limiting immediate stimulative effects on aggregate demand.
Fearing inflation, consumers will increase their expenditures immediately, accelerating aggregate demand further than intended.
Consumers will disregard future taxes, focusing on the benefits of current government expenditure stimulating short-term consumption.
When does crowding out typically occur in an economy?
When there is a surplus budget within the government finance system.
During times of stringent fiscal austerity programs being implemented by governments.
In scenarios where private sector investments are declining on their own accord.
During periods of high government deficit financing activities.