Basic Economic Concepts
If facing volatile raw material costs yet operating under relatively stable consumer demand conditions, which hedging technique ensures smooth production levels without passing additional costs onto customers?
Adopt spot purchasing for materials hoping short-term fluctuations will average out over time.
Shift towards just-in-time inventory systems thereby minimizing holding costs despite variability.
Utilize long-term fixed-price contracts with suppliers whenever possible.
Incorporate commodity futures trading strategies extensively despite limited experience therein.
What principle do individuals use when employing marginal thinking while shopping?
Determining if they can afford everything they want regardless of utility.
Considering if the utility gained from buying an additional item justifies its price.
Calculating how many items can be bought wholesale at discounted rates.
Weighing whether there are enough savings available for bulk purchases.
Given recent technological advancements reducing costs in producing solar energy, what outcome is likely to occur for traditional electric utilities in a region with high solar adoption?
Total collapse of utility companies as all consumers switch to solar power
Reduced profits due to increased competition from alternative energy sources
Mandatory government bailouts to ensure stability of essential utility services in the face of disruption
Increased investment in fossil fuels to counteract the shift towards sustainable energy options
How does a patent granted to a pharmaceutical company influence consumer surplus in that market?
Consumer surplus increases as patents encourage innovation leading to better quality drugs being available.
Consumer surplus increases because patents signal high-quality standards which increase consumers’ willingness-to-pay.
Consumer surplus typically decreases because patents allow companies to set higher prices without fear of immediate competition.
There is no impact on consumer surplus as long as other non-patented substitutes are available in the market.
In a traditional economic system, the methods of production are often?
Based on social and familial relationships.
Guided by the laws of supply and demand in a competitive market.
Relatively simple and rely on hand tools and basic technology.
Determined by the government or central authority.
Which scenario illustrates opportunity cost most directly?
An investor buys stock expecting its value will increase over time
A company expands its marketing budget hoping to boost sales
A student picks extra hours at work knowing she will miss out on study time
A consumer compares prices before purchasing household supplies
What tactic should a firm in an oligopolistic market use when uncertain about rivals' responses as it considers reducing prices due to newly gained efficiencies?
Temporarily absorb efficiency gains into profit margins rather than altering current pricing strategies.
Engage in tacit collusion practices such as signaling intentions before implementing any actual price changes.
Immediately apply significant reductions across all products expecting competitors will not react aggressively.
Publicly announce intended reductions as part of promotional efforts aimed at increasing brand reputation.

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What term describes a payment to a producer for each unit sold?
Tariff
Dividend
Penalty
Subsidy
In a perfectly competitive market where producers sell identical apples, what might cause both apple farmers' profits and workers' wages within these farms to fall simultaneously?
Farmers face increased competition from imported apples driving down market prices while at same time experiencing rising input costs diminishing profit margins
Workers organize strike increasing wage demands without corresponding rise product prices or sales volumes
Farmers voluntarily reduce selling prices seeking larger share market although costs remain stable
Government imposes new tax specifically targeted apple industry raising costs but also incentivizing enhanced productivity
Which statement accurately describes how individuals face an opportunity cost when they choose to attend college?
Potential earnings forfeited during years spent in school
Commuting expenses saved by living on campus compared to renting an apartment off-campus
The long-term benefit of increased earning power thanks to a college degree