Basic Economic Concepts
Which government action is most appropriate when trying to enhance social welfare through addressing an under-provisioned common resource like clean air?
Offering tax credits for consumers who limit their use of polluting products.
Regulating emissions by setting maximum allowable pollution levels.
Privatizing air resources by allowing firms to own parts of the atmosphere.
Providing subsidies proportional to the amount of clean air produced by firms.
In the context of international trade, if Country X has a comparative advantage in producing wheat over country Y, which of the following scenarios is likely to occur?
Country Y will export wheat.
Country X and Y will both export wheat.
Both country won't trade with wheat.
Country X will export wheat.
What is a trade-off in economic terms?
A decrease in production costs due to increased output.
Trading goods at an equal value without using money.
The exchange rates between different countries' currencies.
Sacrificing one good or service to purchase or produce another.
In dealing with negative externalities from common resources such as fisheries, what policy is most likely to succeed in promoting sustainable use?
Offering tax breaks for companies engaging in large-scale fishing operations.
Encouraging voluntary agreements among fishers about quotas.
Providing subsidies for fishing equipment improvements.
Implementing catch limits and monitoring compliance strictly.
If technological advancements allow one country's productivity in good X production to double while maintaining its productivity levels in good Y constant, how does this change its terms-of-trade ratio when exchanging good X for good Y?
The Improved Productivity In Good X Production Would Necessarily Worsen Its Terms Of Trade Due To Increased Relative Abundance And Presumed Lower Valuation
The terms-of-trade ratio for good X should improve since there's greater supply available relative to demand.
The Terms Of Trade Ratio Will Deteriorate As Other Countries May Not Value The Additional Supply Of Good X Enough To Maintain Previous Exchange Rates
No Change In Terms-Of-Trade Is Expected Because Technological Progress Does Not Influence International Market Conditions Or Preferences
If Country A can produce 10 units of food or 5 units of clothing per hour and Country B can produce 6 units of food or 2 units of clothing per hour, which country has the comparative advantage in clothing production?
Country B
Neither, as they both have the same opportunity cost.
Both have a comparative advantage because they can produce both goods.
Country A
When there exists significant Economies Scale long-run under oligopolistic conditions, likely result be:
Stagnant technological developments as companies become overly confident in their positions, requiring minimal improvements to maintain the status quo;
Prices stabilize around competitive levels, ensuring small firms have a chance of surviving challenging dominant players;
High barriers to entry retain few firms controlling a large portion of industry outputs;
Decreased differentiation among available product choices, making it easier for customers to switch brands without facing major differences in traits, features, or benefits.

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When an economy is at full employment and decides to trade based on its comparative advantage, what could be an unintended consequence?
Absolute advantages in all industries will increase due to economies of scale from higher international demand.
The terms of trade will necessarily worsen for that economy over time due to increased demand for its exports.
There will be no consequences as trading based on comparative advantage always leads to maximum efficiency and welfare gains.
Resources may shift from industries without a comparative advantage to those with one, potentially leading to structural unemployment.
A shift in consumer tastes away from a good will most immediately cause what effect on that good's market equilibrium?
Prompts rightward demand curve shift, raising both price and quantity exchanged.
Causes price rise due to anticipated future shortages.
Decreases demand, movement along the supply curve resulting in reduced quantity sold and lower equilibrium price.
Has no impact upon market negotiating powers.
When a tariff is imposed on imports, what is an unintended consequence that may arise affecting domestic economic welfare?
Domestic employment significantly increases as all consumption shifts from imports to domestic products.
Export industries grow due to increased competitiveness abroad with no drawbacks.
Consumer surplus decreases due to higher prices and reduced consumption of imported goods.
Total economic welfare increases because of improved terms of trade with no efficiency loss.