Production, Cost, and the Perfect Competition Model
What does "marginal revenue" refer to in a perfectly competitive market?
The extra revenue gained from selling one additional unit of output.
The change in total cost when one more unit is produced.
The total revenue divided by the number of units sold.
The difference between average total cost and average variable cost for one unit.
What assumption about entry into a perfectly competitive industry ensures zero economic profits in the long run?
Exclusive access to essential raw materials
Free and unrestricted entry and exit from the industry
Entry barriers such as high capital requirements
Long-term contracts with buyers locking prices above costs
In perfect competition, if a firm’s marginal cost exceeds its average total cost at some level of output, what can we infer about that level of output?
Production should be increased beyond this point to continue making normal profits.
It is greater than or equal to the profit-maximizing quantity.
It corresponds with negative economic profits.
It represents minimum efficient scale operation point.
How would an increase in production costs for all firms in a perfectly competitive market most likely affect market supply in the short run?
The market supply curve would remain unchanged.
The slope of the market supply curve would become steeper without shifting.
The market supply curve would shift leftward.
The market supply curve would shift rightward.
What role do individual buyers and sellers play in determining prices in a perfectly competitive market?
They are price takers.
They negotiate prices individually.
Sellers have influence over setting prices.
Buyers dictate the market price.
What role do trade-offs play in a consumer's decision-making process in a perfectly competitive market?
They choose between different combinations of goods within budget constraints due to scarce income or wealth.
Trade-offs don't exist as governments provide necessities minimizing choice necessity.
No trade-offs are needed because all products have the same price.
Consumer preferences don't include trade-offs as availability is guaranteed.
In perfect competition, if the government imposes an effective quota on production, what is most probable outcome on deadweight loss?
There is no deadweight loss since quotas ensure stable prices for consumers and profits for producers.
Deadweight loss remains unchanged as long as demand remains constant.
Decreased deadweight loss since quotas can potentially stabilize volatile markets and improve welfare overall.
Deadweight loss increases due to loss of allocative efficiency.

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What does opportunity cost refer to in economic decision-making?
The monetary expense of the choice made.
The next best alternative foregone when a choice is made.
The total sum of all alternatives available in a decision.
The time it takes to make an economic decision.
In the long-run equilibrium of perfect competition, firms?
Incur losses
Maximize profits
Break even
Exit the industry
Given increasing marginal returns to scale within a perfectly competitive market, what is the expected effect on the short-run market supply curve as additional firms enter the market?
No change in supply curve since price cannot be influenced by individual firm decisions.
Market demand decreases leading to lower equilibrium quantity.
Increased number of sellers causes rightward shift of market supply curve.
Short-run supply curve shifts left due to increased competition and lower marginal costs.