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Define torque.
Torque ($ au$) is a twisting force that causes rotation. It is the product of the force and the lever arm (the distance from the axis of rotation to the point where the force is applied).
Define rotational inertia.
Rotational inertia (*I*) is a measure of an object's resistance to changes in its rotational motion. It depends on the object's mass and how that mass is distributed relative to the axis of rotation.
Define angular acceleration.
Angular acceleration ($alpha$) is the rate of change of angular velocity with respect to time. It is measured in radians per second squared (rad/s²).
What is net torque?
Net torque ($Sigma au$) is the sum of all torques acting on an object. It determines the angular acceleration of the object.
Define lever arm.
The lever arm is the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force. It is a critical component in calculating torque.
What is the difference between linear and angular velocity?
Linear velocity: Describes the rate of change of an object's position in a straight line. Angular velocity: Describes the rate of change of an object's angular position during rotation.
How does linear inertia differ from rotational inertia?
Linear inertia (mass): Resistance to changes in linear motion, depends only on mass. Rotational inertia: Resistance to changes in rotational motion, depends on mass and its distribution relative to the axis of rotation.
Compare linear and angular acceleration.
Linear acceleration: The rate of change of linear velocity. Angular acceleration: The rate of change of angular velocity.
Compare force and torque.
Force: A push or pull that causes linear acceleration. Torque: A twisting force that causes angular acceleration.
What is the difference between linear momentum and angular momentum?
Linear momentum: Mass in motion in a straight line. Angular momentum: Rotational inertia in motion.
What is the effect of applying a net torque to an object?
The object experiences angular acceleration.
What happens if the net torque acting on an object is zero?
The object's angular velocity remains constant (no angular acceleration).
What happens if you double the net torque applied to a rigid system?
The angular acceleration of the system doubles.
What is the effect of doubling the rotational inertia of a rigid system, given a constant net torque?
The angular acceleration of the system is halved.
What happens when a force is applied farther from the hinge of a door?
The torque applied to the door increases, resulting in a greater angular acceleration.