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What is the effect of applying a force over a period of time to an object?
It causes a change in the object's momentum (impulse).
What is the effect of a collision in a closed system?
The total momentum of the system before and after the collision remains constant.
What is the effect of external forces on a system's momentum?
External forces cause a change in the system's total momentum.
What is the definition of momentum?
Momentum is a measure of how much "oomph" an object has when it's moving; it's essentially its resistance to changes in motion.
What is the formula for momentum?
$p = mv$, where $p$ = momentum (kg⋅m/s), $m$ = mass (kg), and $v$ = velocity (m/s).
What is the definition of impulse?
Impulse is the change in an object's momentum caused by a force acting over a period of time.
What is the formula for impulse?
$J = \Delta p = F\Delta t$, where $J$ = impulse (N⋅s or kg⋅m/s), $\Delta p$ = change in momentum, $F$ = force (N), and $\Delta t$ = time interval (s).
What is a closed system?
A system where no matter or energy is exchanged with the surroundings; total momentum remains constant.
What is an open system?
A system where matter or energy can be exchanged with the surroundings; total momentum may not be constant.
What is the law of conservation of linear momentum?
In a closed system, the total momentum remains constant. The total momentum before an event equals the total momentum after the event.
What is an elastic collision?
A collision in which kinetic energy is conserved. Objects bounce off each other.
What is an inelastic collision?
A collision in which kinetic energy is not conserved. Some energy is lost as heat or sound. Objects may stick together.
What does the area under a Force vs. Time graph represent?
The area under the curve represents the impulse (change in momentum).