Resistivity: Intrinsic property of a material, independent of shape and size. Resistance: Depends on the material's resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area.

Conductors: Low resistivity, allowing easy current flow. Insulators: High resistivity, hindering current flow.

1. Mold conductive dough into cylinders of varying lengths (L) and cross-sectional areas (A). 2. Measure the resistance (R) by applying a potential difference ((Delta V)). 3. Calculate L/A for each cylinder. 4. Plot R vs. L/A. 5. The slope of the graph will give the resistivity (( ho)).

1. Measure the resistance of the dough at different temperatures. 2. Vary the temperature using an ice bath or heat source. 3. Keep the length and cross-sectional area constant. 4. Record the temperature and corresponding resistance. 5. Plot resistance against temperature to analyze the relationship.

1. Measure the resistance (R) of the material. 2. Determine the cross-sectional area (A) of the material. 3. Measure the length (L) of the material. 4. Use the formula: $\rho = \frac{RA}{L}$

$ho = frac{RA}{L}$, where R is resistance, A is cross-sectional area, and L is length.

1. Measure resistance at different temperatures. 2. Vary the temperature. 3. Keep length and cross-sectional area constant. 4. Record temperature and resistance. 5. Analyze the data.

Plot resistance (R) on the y-axis and L/A on the x-axis. The slope of the best-fit line represents the resistivity ($ho$).

Rearrange the equation $R = ho frac{L}{A}$ to match the form of a linear equation (y = mx + b).

Plot the calculated L/A values against the corresponding resistance values. Make sure to label your axes with units.

Calculate the slope using two points on the line. The slope of the line on your graph represents the resistivity of the dough.