Resistivity ($ho$) is a material's intrinsic property that quantifies how strongly it resists the flow of electric current.

Resistance (R) is the measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit. It is measured in ohms ((Omega)).

Cross-sectional area (A) is the area of a two-dimensional shape that is obtained by slicing through an object perpendicular to a specified axis. It is measured in square meters ((m^2)).

Length (L) is the distance between two points along a conductor through which current flows. It is measured in meters (m).

Conductors are materials with low resistivity, allowing electric current to flow easily through them.

Insulators are materials with high resistivity, hindering the flow of electric current.

Resistivity ($ho$) is a material's intrinsic property that quantifies how strongly it resists the flow of electric current.

Ohm-meters ($Omega cdot m$)

Resistance (R) is the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of electric current.

Resistance depends on a material's resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area.

Good conductors have low resistivity, allowing current to flow easily.

Good insulators have high resistivity, hindering current flow.

1. Mold conductive dough into cylinders of varying lengths (L) and cross-sectional areas (A). 2. Measure the resistance (R) by applying a potential difference ((Delta V)). 3. Calculate L/A for each cylinder. 4. Plot R vs. L/A. 5. The slope of the graph will give the resistivity (( ho)).

1. Measure the resistance of the dough at different temperatures. 2. Vary the temperature using an ice bath or heat source. 3. Keep the length and cross-sectional area constant. 4. Record the temperature and corresponding resistance. 5. Plot resistance against temperature to analyze the relationship.

1. Measure the resistance (R) of the material. 2. Determine the cross-sectional area (A) of the material. 3. Measure the length (L) of the material. 4. Use the formula: $\rho = \frac{RA}{L}$