Without Dielectric: Capacitance depends only on plate area and separation. | With Dielectric: Capacitance is increased by a factor of the dielectric constant.

Inside: Uniform, constant magnitude and direction (except near edges). | Outside: Ideally zero, but practically negligible.

Capacitor: Stores energy electrostatically, releases quickly. | Battery: Stores energy chemically, releases more slowly.

Increasing Plate Area: Increases capacitance directly. | Decreasing Plate Separation: Increases capacitance inversely.

Without Dielectric: Electric field depends on charge and plate area. | With Dielectric: Electric field is reduced due to polarization of the dielectric.

1: Positive Plate (+), 2: Negative Plate (-), 3: Distance (d), 4: Electric Field Lines

1. Dielectric material is inserted. 2. Dielectric becomes polarized. 3. Internal electric field opposes the original field. 4. Effective electric field is reduced. 5. Capacitance increases.

1. Identify the dielectric constant (κ). 2. Measure the area of one plate (A). 3. Measure the distance between plates (d). 4. Use the formula: $C = kappa varepsilon_{0} \frac{A}{d}$

1. Determine the charge (Q) on each plate. 2. Identify the dielectric constant (κ). 3. Measure the area of one plate (A). 4. Use the formula: $E_{C} = \frac{Q}{\kappa varepsilon_{0} A}$

1. Determine the charge (Q) on each plate and the potential difference (ΔV). 2. Use the formula: $U_{C} = \frac{1}{2} Q \Delta V$ or $U_{C} = \frac{1}{2} C (\Delta V)^2$

1. Connect the capacitor to a voltage source. 2. Electrons flow from one plate to the other. 3. One plate becomes positively charged, the other negatively. 4. Charging stops when the potential difference equals the source voltage.