Without Dielectric: Capacitance depends only on plate area and separation. | With Dielectric: Capacitance is increased by a factor of the dielectric constant.

Inside: Uniform, constant magnitude and direction (except near edges). | Outside: Ideally zero, but practically negligible.

Capacitor: Stores energy electrostatically, releases quickly. | Battery: Stores energy chemically, releases more slowly.

Increasing Plate Area: Increases capacitance directly. | Decreasing Plate Separation: Increases capacitance inversely.

Without Dielectric: Electric field depends on charge and plate area. | With Dielectric: Electric field is reduced due to polarization of the dielectric.

1. Identify the dielectric constant (κ). 2. Measure the area of one plate (A). 3. Measure the distance between plates (d). 4. Use the formula: $C = \kappa \varepsilon_{0} \frac{A}{d}$

1. Determine the charge (Q) on the capacitor and the potential difference (ΔV) across it, OR determine the capacitance (C) and the potential difference (ΔV). 2. Use the formula: $U_{C} = \frac{1}{2} Q \Delta V$ OR $U_{C} = \frac{1}{2} C (\Delta V)^2$

1. Determine the charge (Q) on each plate. 2. Identify the dielectric constant (κ). 3. Measure the area of one plate (A). 4. Use the formula: $E_{C} = \frac{Q}{\kappa \varepsilon_{0} A}$

Without Dielectric: Capacitance depends only on plate area and separation. | With Dielectric: Capacitance is increased by a factor of the dielectric constant (κ).

Without Dielectric: Electric field is solely determined by the charge and plate separation. | With Dielectric: Electric field is reduced due to the polarization of the dielectric material.