Without Dielectric: Capacitance depends only on plate area and separation. | With Dielectric: Capacitance is increased by a factor of the dielectric constant (κ).

Without Dielectric: Electric field is solely determined by the charge and plate separation. | With Dielectric: Electric field is reduced due to the polarization of the dielectric material.

The amount of charge a capacitor can store for each volt of potential difference. $C = \frac{Q}{\Delta V}$

A measure of how much a material increases the capacitance of a capacitor when placed between its plates.

A physical constant that represents the ability of a vacuum to permit electric fields. Its value is 8.85 × 10⁻¹² F/m.

The energy stored in a capacitor due to the separation of charge on its plates.

Two conductive plates separated by a small distance, used to store charge and energy.

1. Dielectric material is inserted. 2. Dielectric becomes polarized. 3. Internal electric field opposes the original field. 4. Effective electric field is reduced. 5. Capacitance increases.

1. Identify the dielectric constant (κ). 2. Measure the area of one plate (A). 3. Measure the distance between plates (d). 4. Use the formula: $C = kappa varepsilon_{0} \frac{A}{d}$

1. Determine the charge (Q) on each plate. 2. Identify the dielectric constant (κ). 3. Measure the area of one plate (A). 4. Use the formula: $E_{C} = \frac{Q}{\kappa varepsilon_{0} A}$

1. Determine the charge (Q) on each plate and the potential difference (ΔV). 2. Use the formula: $U_{C} = \frac{1}{2} Q \Delta V$ or $U_{C} = \frac{1}{2} C (\Delta V)^2$

1. Connect the capacitor to a voltage source. 2. Electrons flow from one plate to the other. 3. One plate becomes positively charged, the other negatively. 4. Charging stops when the potential difference equals the source voltage.