1. Dielectric material is inserted. 2. Dielectric becomes polarized. 3. Internal electric field opposes the original field. 4. Effective electric field is reduced. 5. Capacitance increases.

1. Identify the dielectric constant (κ). 2. Measure the area of one plate (A). 3. Measure the distance between plates (d). 4. Use the formula: $C = kappa varepsilon_{0} \frac{A}{d}$

1. Determine the charge (Q) on each plate. 2. Identify the dielectric constant (κ). 3. Measure the area of one plate (A). 4. Use the formula: $E_{C} = \frac{Q}{\kappa varepsilon_{0} A}$

1. Determine the charge (Q) on each plate and the potential difference (ΔV). 2. Use the formula: $U_{C} = \frac{1}{2} Q \Delta V$ or $U_{C} = \frac{1}{2} C (\Delta V)^2$

1. Connect the capacitor to a voltage source. 2. Electrons flow from one plate to the other. 3. One plate becomes positively charged, the other negatively. 4. Charging stops when the potential difference equals the source voltage.

1: Positive Plate (+), 2: Negative Plate (-), 3: Electric Field Lines

1: Electric Field without Dielectric, 2: Dielectric Material, 3: Induced Electric Field, 4: Electric Field with Dielectric

1. Identify the dielectric constant (κ). 2. Measure the area of one plate (A). 3. Measure the distance between plates (d). 4. Use the formula: $C = \kappa \varepsilon_{0} \frac{A}{d}$

1. Determine the charge (Q) on the capacitor and the potential difference (ΔV) across it, OR determine the capacitance (C) and the potential difference (ΔV). 2. Use the formula: $U_{C} = \frac{1}{2} Q \Delta V$ OR $U_{C} = \frac{1}{2} C (\Delta V)^2$

1. Determine the charge (Q) on each plate. 2. Identify the dielectric constant (κ). 3. Measure the area of one plate (A). 4. Use the formula: $E_{C} = \frac{Q}{\kappa \varepsilon_{0} A}$