Refraction: Bending of light as it passes through a medium. | Reflection: Bouncing of light off a surface.

Angle of Incidence: The angle between the incident ray and the normal. | Angle of Refraction: The angle between the refracted ray and the normal.

Internal Reflection: Some light reflects at the boundary. | Total Internal Reflection: All light reflects at the boundary (occurs when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle).

1. Identify $n_1$, $\theta_1$, and $n_2$. 2. Use the formula $n_1 sin \theta_1 = n_2 sin \theta_2$. 3. Rearrange to solve for $\theta_2 = \sin^{-1}(\frac{n_1 sin \theta_1}{n_2})$. 4. Calculate $\theta_2$.

1. Light must be traveling from a higher index ($n_1$) to a lower index ($n_2$) medium. 2. Calculate the critical angle: $\theta_{\text{critical}} = \sin^{-1}(\frac{n_2}{n_1})$. 3. If the angle of incidence ($\theta_1$) is greater than $\theta_{\text{critical}}$, total internal reflection occurs.

1. Measure the speed of light (v) in the medium. 2. Recall the speed of light in a vacuum (c ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s). 3. Use the formula: $n = \frac{c}{v}$.

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.

A measure of how much light slows down in a medium compared to its speed in a vacuum, calculated as $n = \frac{c}{v}$ .

A law describing the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, and the indices of refraction of two media: $n_1 sin \theta_1 = n_2 sin \theta_2$.

The phenomenon where light is completely reflected back into the original medium when attempting to pass into a medium with a lower index of refraction at an angle greater than the critical angle.

The angle of incidence beyond which total internal reflection occurs, calculated as: $\theta_{\text{critical}} = \sin^{-1}\left(\frac{n_2}{n_1}\right)$.