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What are the key differences between mass and density?
Mass: How much 'stuff' an object has, extensive property.
Density: How tightly that 'stuff' is packed, intensive property.
What are the differences between density and specific gravity?
Density: Absolute measure of mass per unit volume.
Specific Gravity: Relative measure, ratio of a substance's density to a reference substance's density (usually water).
Compare intensive and extensive properties.
Intensive Property: Does not depend on the amount of substance (e.g., density).
Extensive Property: Depends on the amount of substance (e.g., mass, volume).
How do you calculate density?
1. Measure the mass (m) of the object.
2. Measure the volume (V) of the object.
3. Divide the mass by the volume: $\rho = \frac{m}{V}$
How do you determine the volume of an irregularly shaped object using water displacement?
1. Fill a graduated cylinder with a known volume of water.
2. Submerge the object completely in the water.
3. Measure the new water level.
4. Subtract the initial water level from the final water level to find the volume of the object.
How do you calculate the volume of a cylinder?
1. Measure the radius (r) of the circular base.
2. Measure the height (h) of the cylinder.
3. Calculate the area of the base: $A = \pi r^2$.
4. Multiply the base area by the height: $V = A \cdot h = \pi r^2 h$.
How to design an investigation to verify the prediction that the density of ice will be less than the density of water at 0°C?
1. Gather materials: Container of water, container of ice, balance, graduated cylinder.
2. Measure the mass and volume of both the water and ice.
3. Calculate the densities using $\rho = \frac{m}{V}$.
4. Compare the densities of ice and water.
What happens when an object's density is less than the density of the fluid it's placed in?
The object floats.
What happens when an object's density is greater than the density of the fluid it's placed in?
The object sinks.
What effect does increasing the mass of an object (while keeping volume constant) have on its density?
The density increases.
What effect does increasing the volume of an object (while keeping mass constant) have on its density?
The density decreases.
What happens when water freezes?
It becomes less dense and forms ice because of the open space between molecules.