Thermodynamics

Average kinetic energy of particles

Mass of the system

Volume of the system

Total potential energy of particles

Volume

Temperature

Entropy

Pressure

Joule (J)

Meter per second squared (m/s²)

Kelvin (K)

Kilogram meter squared per second squared (kg·m²/s²)

Isothermal

Adiabatic

Isometric

Isochoric

It ignores quantum mechanical effects on molecular vibrations.

It overestimates molecular dissociation at high temperatures.

It accurately predicts specific heats at all temperatures and volumes.

It underestimates the heat capacity due to rotational energy modes.

Decreases conductivity for both types due to reduced mean free path length for charge carriers.

Increases metallic conductivity by providing more free electrons while having no effect on electrolytes.

Increases conductivity for electrolytes due to enhanced ion mobility; tends to decrease metallic conductivity due to increased electron scattering.

Has varied effects depending on material but generally enhances conductivity aggregately across both conductor types.

Both U and S oscillate before evening out when thermal balance is eventually achieved.

Q Decreases and S decreases, as absorption leads to a reduction in each.

U Increases and S increases, because the absorbed heat leads to elevated levels both in internal energy and systemic entropy.

U Stays constant while S increases, since temperature is fixed thus sustaining internal energy levels while entropy picks up due to heat addition.

Entropy change in a system

Conservation of energy

Work done by heat engines

Thermal equilibrium

Decreasing both $T_h$ and $T_c$ proportionally would lead to lower net work without affecting efficiency.

Increasing only $T_h$ would decrease efficiency due to larger heat loss in each cycle.

Decreasing only $T_c$ would increase efficiency as well as total work output for each cycle.

Increasing both $T_h$ and $T_c$ while maintaining their ratio constant would keep efficiency unchanged but increase total work output.

Through convection, as heat circulates through fluid motion.

Through radiation, as heat emits in electromagnetic waves.

Through insulation, as it prevents the spread of heat energy.

Through conduction, as heat transfers via collisions between particles.