Electric Circuits

Power

Capacitance

Electric charge

Resistance

Soldering tools allowed durable connections yet didn’t improve direct measurement accuracy

Automated breadboards which simplified circuit construction but did not inherently increase measurement precision

Digital oscilloscopes which can accurately measure potential differences at various points in an electrical circuit

Electronic voltmeters less sensitive than oscilloscopes but still commonly used

The sum of voltages around a closed loop equals twice the battery's voltage.

Voltage only increases in a closed loop circuit and never decreases.

Voltage only decreases in a closed loop circuit and never increases.

The sum of voltage gains and drops around a closed loop is zero.

Work is typically accompanied by thermal equilibration while heat transfer does not involve forces

Heat can only occur in open systems but work can occur in both closed and open systems

The amount of energy transferred by work is always greater than heat transfer

Work is a path-dependent process that involves force acting over a distance, while heat is a path-independent transfer of thermal energy

8 A

6 A

2 A

5 A

Decrease as lower force constants reduce energy loss (Joule heating), enhancing conductive pathways.

Remains stable as variation in permittivity affects capacitive reactance instead of direct ohmic behavior.

Effective resistance appears to increase, given weaker electromagnetic forces interacting between adjacent resistive elements, thereby requiring higher driving voltages to maintain currents.

Unpredictable changes, some regions of the network experience enhanced conductivity, whereas others become insulative.

$I_1 + I_2 = I_3 + I_4$

$I_1 \times I_2 = I_3 \times I_4$

$\frac{I_1}{I_2} = \frac{I_3}{I_4}$

$I_1 - I_2 = I_3 - I_4$

Increasing amounts flow through each subsequent resistor.

Zero amount flows unless connected directly across a power source.

Decreasing amounts flow through each subsequent resistor.

Same amount flows through each resistor.

Decrease the cross-sectional area of the wires to increase resistance and magnify current changes.

Apply an additional external voltage source in parallel to amplify discrepancies for easier observation.

Increase the temperature of the conductors to observe the effect on charge conservation better.

Use more sensitive ammeters with higher resolution to reduce measurement error.

Incorporate known resistances for each wire into calculations to account for their impact on current distribution.

Add a capacitor in series with each branch to compensate for potential timing variations in measuring currents.

Replace all connecting wires with superconducting materials to eliminate any resistance effects altogether.

Connect voltmeters across each junction point instead of ammeters, assuming voltage drops will indicate current flow consistency.