Geometric and Physical Optics

Image points appear blurry due to non-parallel rays focusing at different points along optical axis after refraction/reflection.

Images form without any aberrations due to corrective measures inherently present within all thick lenses or mirrors used experimentally.

Focal lengths stay constant regardless of changes in aperture size impacting only brightness while maintaining sharpness perfectly well.

All refracted or reflected parallel rays focus precisely at one focal point creating sharp images every time without failure.

When an object is at infinity.

When an object is at the focal point.

When an object is beyond the focal point.

When an object is closer to the mirror than the focal point.

The image is not formed because rays parallel to the principal axis do not converge at infinity.

The image appears smaller than the object but still inverted, indicating partial magnification.

The image appears magnified and inverted at a distance less than twice the focal length from the lens.

The image forms on the same side as the object, showing that it is virtual and upright.

An image with heightened resolution and sharpness as diffraction effects counterbalance chromatic aberration.

No significant chromatic or spherical aberrations present due to high-quality glass that completely reduces dispersion.

The image displays color fringing at borders due to different wavelengths focusing at varying distances.

All colored component rays of light still converge at a common focal point resulting in a clear, monochromatic image.

Meters (m)

Kilograms (kg)

Liters (L)

Degrees Celsius (°C)

By advection, as a bulk movement of fluid carries away heat from the surface.

By radiation, as heat energy emits directly from the hot end into surrounding space.

By convection, as the warm part of the rod rises and cooler parts sink.

By conduction, as heat energy transfers through direct contact between particles.

Virtual inverted larger than those objects.

Real, inverted, larger than the object.

Real inverted smaller than the object.

Virtual, upright smaller than the object.

Plane mirror

Convex mirror

Parabolic mirror

Concave mirror

Refracted.

Converging.

Reflected.

Diverging.

A concave mirror.

No mirror can produce such an image.

A plane mirror.

A convex mirror.