Quantum, Atomic, and Nuclear Physics
In a hypothetical situation where the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes a transition emitting a photon of wavelength shorter than Lyman-alpha, what would be the most likely origin state of the electron?
The ground state
A metastable state between and
An excited state at
A higher energy level above
Considering a closed loop containing a capacitor initially charged, after the switch is turned off allowing discharge through a connected resistor, what would the graph depicting the potential difference across the capacitor versus time look like?
Square waveform, stepwise dropping and maintaining levels.
Sine wave, steadily maintaining amplitude.
Exponential decay, asymptotically reaching zero on the y-axis.
Triangle waveform, slowly approaching zero on the y-axis.
What precise laboratory experiment could be conducted to demonstrate wave-particle duality through direct observation of single electrons displaying both behaviors simultaneously?
Implement Bose-Einstein condensate traps exposed alternately to laser pulsing versus shielded isolation, monitoring transition dynamics between collective behavior versus individual atom statistics.
Use an electron interferometer where single electrons pass through two closely spaced slits, detecting individual impact points progressively forming interference patterns on an observation screen behind the slits.
Perform Young’s double-slit experiment with beams composed entirely of monoenergetic neutrons while recording diffraction patterns.
Construct Stern-Gerlach apparatuses that sequentially filter electron spin orientations before passing them through electromagnetic deflectors.
What theory explains the behavior of particles on a very small scale, such as atoms and subatomic particles?
Classical mechanics
Quantum mechanics
Thermodynamics
General relativity
When an electron and positron collide and annihilate each other, what form does their rest mass energy predominantly convert into?
Radio wave photons.
Gamma-ray photons.
Infrared light photons.
Ultraviolet light photons.
How does increasing the intensity of incident light on a metal surface while keeping frequency constant affect the results in a photoelectric effect experiment?
No change in either number or kinetic energy of ejected electrons
Lower threshold frequency for emission
More ejected electrons but same kinetic energy per electron
Increase in kinetic energy per electron but same number ejected
In an experiment using electromagnetic waves, which modification would increase energy without altering frequency?
Switch polarization from linear to circular while maintaining frequency constant.
Decrease wavelength while keeping frequency constant.
Change phase relationship between electric and magnetic fields.
Increase amplitude of wave oscillations.

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What condition must be met for two systems in thermal contact with each other to reach thermal equilibrium?
They must both have zero entropy changes.
They need to have equal volumes regardless of their material properties.
The systems should perform equal amounts of mechanical work on each other.
The net exchange of heat between them must be zero.
Which property of matter waves is directly related to its momentum according to the de Broglie hypothesis?
Frequency
Wavelength
Speed
Amplitude
What basic unit measures electric charge, a property that affects how substances respond within electromagnetic fields?
Coulomb
Joule
Electronvolt
Pascal