A vector field that exerts a force on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials.

Entities that produce magnetic fields, always existing in pairs (north and south poles).

A measure of how much a material can be magnetized in response to an external magnetic field.

A constant representing the baseline for how easily a magnetic field can form in a vacuum.

Materials (like iron, nickel, cobalt) that can be permanently magnetized due to aligned magnetic domains.

Materials (like aluminum, titanium, magnesium) weakly attracted to magnetic fields, with temporary dipole alignment.

Materials (all materials) weakly repelled by magnetic fields due to slight alignment of electron dipole moments opposite to the external field.

Biot-Savart: Calculates magnetic field from a small current segment, useful for complex geometries. | Ampère’s Law: Relates magnetic field around a closed loop to the enclosed current, useful for symmetrical situations.

Moving Charge: Force is on a single charge, F = q(v x B). | Current-Carrying Wire: Force is on the entire wire, F = ILBsinθ.

Biot-Savart Law: Calculates the magnetic field from a small current segment, useful for complex geometries. Ampère’s Law: Relates the magnetic field around a closed loop to the enclosed current, useful for symmetrical situations.