Every object attracts every other object with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

The gravitational constant (G) is a fundamental constant of nature with a value of approximately $6.67 imes 10^{-11} frac{N cdot m^2}{kg^2}$.

A gravitational field is a field created by a massive object that exerts a force on other objects with mass.

A conservative force is a force where the work done is path-independent, and the total work on a closed path is zero. Gravity is a conservative force.

Terminal velocity is the constant speed that a freely falling object eventually reaches when the resistance of the medium through which it is falling prevents further acceleration.

1: Mass 1 ($m_1$), 2: Mass 2 ($m_2$), 3: Distance (r), 4: Gravitational Force (F)

1: Mass 1 ($m_1$), 2: Mass 2 ($m_2$), 3: Force on $m_1$ due to $m_2$ ($F_{12}$), 4: Force on $m_2$ due to $m_1$ ($F_{21}$)

1: Distance (r), 2: Gravitational Force (F), 3: Earth, 4: Object

1. Identify the masses ($m_1$ and $m_2$) of the two objects. 2. Determine the distance (r) between their centers. 3. Use the formula $F = G frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}$ to calculate the force, where G is the gravitational constant.

1. Use the formula $g = G frac{M}{R^2}$, where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the Earth, and R is the radius of the Earth. 2. Plug in the values to calculate g.

1. Object accelerates due to gravity. 2. Velocity and acceleration increase. 3. Air resistance leads to terminal velocity. 4. Velocity becomes constant; acceleration becomes zero. 5. As it approaches the surface, gravity may slightly decrease, impacting the surface.