Series: Same charge on each capacitor; equivalent capacitance is smaller than the smallest individual capacitance. Parallel: Same voltage across each capacitor; equivalent capacitance is the sum of individual capacitances.

t=0: Current is at its maximum (limited only by the resistance). t=$\infty$: Current is zero (capacitor is fully charged and blocks current flow).

t=0: Voltage across the capacitor is zero (initially uncharged). t=$\infty$: Voltage across the capacitor is equal to the voltage of the source (fully charged).

Capacitor: Stores energy in an electric field; opposes changes in voltage. Resistor: Dissipates energy as heat; opposes current flow.

Charging: Capacitor accumulates charge, voltage increases, current decreases. Discharging: Capacitor loses charge, voltage decreases, current decreases.

1: Capacitor (C), 2: Resistor (R)

1: Voltage source ($\mathcal{E}$), 2: Resistor (R), 3: Capacitor (C)

Increasing the resistance increases the time constant, slowing down the charging or discharging process.

Increasing the capacitance increases the time constant, slowing down the charging or discharging process.

The current decreases exponentially as the capacitor discharges.

The voltage increases exponentially, approaching the source voltage.

The capacitor acts as an open circuit, blocking further current flow.