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  1. AP Pre Calculus
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What are the differences between Parametric and Implicit Functions?

Parametric: x and y defined by a parameter. | Implicit: x and y related by an equation.

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What are the differences between Parametric and Implicit Functions?

Parametric: x and y defined by a parameter. | Implicit: x and y related by an equation.

What are the differences between Vectors and Scalars?

Vectors: Have magnitude and direction. | Scalars: Have only magnitude.

What are the differences between Dot Product and Cross Product?

Dot Product: Results in a scalar. | Cross Product: Results in a vector (in 3D).

What are the differences between a circle and an ellipse?

Circle: Constant radius in all directions. | Ellipse: Varying radius (major and minor axes).

What are the differences between a hyperbola and an ellipse?

Ellipse: Sum of distances to foci is constant. | Hyperbola: Difference of distances to foci is constant.

What are the differences between velocity and speed?

Velocity: Vector with magnitude and direction. | Speed: Scalar, magnitude of velocity.

What are the differences between position vector and velocity vector?

Position Vector: Indicates location. | Velocity Vector: Indicates rate of change of position.

What are the differences between matrix addition and matrix multiplication?

Matrix Addition: Element-wise addition, commutative. | Matrix Multiplication: Rows by columns, not commutative.

What are the differences between parametric equations for a line and a circle?

Line: x and y change linearly with t. | Circle: x and y change sinusoidally with t.

What are the differences between explicit and implicit functions?

Explicit: y is isolated on one side (y = f(x)). | Implicit: x and y are intertwined in an equation.

How to find the position of a particle at t=a, given parametric equations x(t) and y(t)?

  1. Substitute t=a into x(t) to find x-coordinate. 2. Substitute t=a into y(t) to find y-coordinate. 3. Position is (x(a), y(a)).

How to find the velocity vector v(t) given a position vector r(t)=<x(t), y(t)>?

  1. Find the derivative of x(t) with respect to t. 2. Find the derivative of y(t) with respect to t. 3. v(t) = <x'(t), y'(t)>.

How to find the speed of a particle at t=a, given v(t)=<x'(t), y'(t)>?

  1. Evaluate x'(a) and y'(a). 2. Speed = sqrt((x'(a))^2 + (y'(a))^2).

How to find the acceleration vector a(t) given v(t)=<x'(t), y'(t)>?

  1. Find the derivative of x'(t) with respect to t. 2. Find the derivative of y'(t) with respect to t. 3. a(t) = <x''(t), y''(t)>.

How to determine the conic section from its equation?

  1. Check for x^2 and y^2 terms. 2. If both are present and have the same coefficient, it's a circle. 3. If both are present and have different coefficients but the same sign, it's an ellipse. 4. If one is present, it's a parabola. 5. If both are present with opposite signs, it's a hyperbola.

How to add two matrices A and B?

  1. Ensure A and B have the same dimensions. 2. Add corresponding elements: (A+B)[i,j] = A[i,j] + B[i,j].

How to find the determinant of a 2x2 matrix?

  1. For matrix [[a, b], [c, d]], multiply ad and bc. 2. Subtract: determinant = ad - bc.

How to parametrize a circle x^2 + y^2 = r^2?

  1. Let x = rcos(t). 2. Let y = rsin(t).

How to find the sum of two vectors u = <a, b> and v = <c, d>?

  1. Add the x-components: a + c. 2. Add the y-components: b + d. 3. Result: u + v = <a+c, b+d>.

How to convert an implicit equation to standard form for a circle?

  1. Complete the square for both x and y terms. 2. Rewrite the equation in the form (x-h)^2 + (y-k)^2 = r^2.

Parametric equation of a circle, center (0,0), radius r?

x=rcos⁡(t)x = r \cos(t)x=rcos(t), y=rsin⁡(t)y = r \sin(t)y=rsin(t)

Magnitude of vector v = <a, b>?

∣∣v∣∣=a2+b2||v|| = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}∣∣v∣∣=a2+b2​

Position vector r(t), how to find velocity vector v(t)?

v(t)=r′(t)=<dxdt,dydt>v(t) = r'(t) = <\frac{dx}{dt}, \frac{dy}{dt}>v(t)=r′(t)=<dtdx​,dtdy​>

Velocity vector v(t), how to find speed?

Speed=∣∣v(t)∣∣=(dxdt)2+(dydt)2Speed = ||v(t)|| = \sqrt{(\frac{dx}{dt})^2 + (\frac{dy}{dt})^2}Speed=∣∣v(t)∣∣=(dtdx​)2+(dtdy​)2​

Position vector r(t), how to find acceleration vector a(t)?

a(t)=v′(t)=r′′(t)=<d2xdt2,d2ydt2>a(t) = v'(t) = r''(t) = <\frac{d^2x}{dt^2}, \frac{d^2y}{dt^2}>a(t)=v′(t)=r′′(t)=<dt2d2x​,dt2d2y​>

Determinant of a 2x2 matrix [[a, b], [c, d]]?

det([[a,b],[c,d]])=ad−bcdet([[a, b], [c, d]]) = ad - bcdet([[a,b],[c,d]])=ad−bc

Equation of a circle in standard form?

(x−h)2+(y−k)2=r2(x-h)^2 + (y-k)^2 = r^2(x−h)2+(y−k)2=r2

Standard form equation of an ellipse?

(x−h)2a2+(y−k)2b2=1\frac{(x-h)^2}{a^2} + \frac{(y-k)^2}{b^2} = 1a2(x−h)2​+b2(y−k)2​=1

Standard form equation of a hyperbola?

(x−h)2a2−(y−k)2b2=1\frac{(x-h)^2}{a^2} - \frac{(y-k)^2}{b^2} = 1a2(x−h)2​−b2(y−k)2​=1 or (y−k)2a2−(x−h)2b2=1\frac{(y-k)^2}{a^2} - \frac{(x-h)^2}{b^2} = 1a2(y−k)2​−b2(x−h)2​=1

Parametric form for x and y?

x=f(t),y=g(t)x = f(t), y = g(t)x=f(t),y=g(t)