Changing existing schemas to fit new info that doesn't quite fit.
What is the Representativeness Heuristic?
Judging based on how well something matches our stereotypes or prototypes.
What is the Availability Heuristic?
Judging based on how easily examples come to mind.
What is the Gambler's Fallacy?
The belief that random events are influenced by past outcomes.
What is the Sunk-Cost Fallacy?
Continuing to invest in something because of the resources you've already put in, even if it's not rational.
Describe the core idea of cognitive processes.
Cognitive processes are how we make sense of the world, including forming concepts and making decisions.
What is the purpose of schemas in cognitive processing?
Schemas organize our knowledge and expectations about the world, acting like scripts for how things usually go.
How do heuristics influence judgment?
Heuristics are mental shortcuts that allow us to make quick decisions, but they can also lead to judgment errors.
How does framing affect decision-making?
The way information is presented (framing) can significantly change our perception and choices, even if the underlying facts are the same.
What role does inhibitory control play in executive functions?
Inhibitory control allows us to suppress impulses and distractions, enabling better focus and decision-making.
Compare assimilation and accommodation.
Assimilation fits new information into existing schemas, while accommodation changes existing schemas to fit new information.
Compare algorithms and heuristics.
Algorithms are step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution, while heuristics are mental shortcuts that help us make quick decisions but don't guarantee accuracy.
Compare representativeness and availability heuristics.
Representativeness heuristic judges based on stereotypes, while availability heuristic judges based on how easily examples come to mind.
Compare divergent thinking and functional fixedness.
Divergent thinking explores multiple solutions, while functional fixedness limits thinking to the traditional use of an object.
Compare the gambler's fallacy and the sunk-cost fallacy.
Gambler's fallacy is the belief that past random events influence future ones, while the sunk-cost fallacy is continuing to invest in something due to prior investments.
Compare priming and framing.
Priming involves exposure to a stimulus influencing a subsequent response, while framing involves how information is presented affecting perception.
Compare concepts and schemas.
Concepts are mental categories grouping similar things, while schemas are mental frameworks organizing knowledge and expectations.
Compare creativity and executive functions.
Creativity is the ability to generate novel ideas, while executive functions are higher-order processes for planning and organization.
What is the definition of 'Thinking'?
The mental manipulation of information.
What is the definition of 'Problem-Solving'?
Finding solutions to challenges.
What is the definition of 'Judgments'?
Evaluating information to form opinions.
What is the definition of 'Decision-Making'?
Choosing between different options.
What is the definition of 'Concepts'?
Mental categories that group similar things together.
What is the definition of 'Prototypes'?
The best example of a concept.
What is the definition of 'Schemas'?
Mental frameworks that organize our knowledge and expectations about the world.
What is the definition of 'Algorithms'?
Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution if followed correctly.
What is the definition of 'Heuristics'?
Mental shortcuts or 'rules of thumb' that help us make quick decisions.
What is the definition of 'Mental Set'?
The tendency to approach problems in a way that has worked in the past, even if it's not the best approach now.
What is the definition of 'Priming'?
Exposure to one stimulus influencing our response to a subsequent stimulus.
What is the definition of 'Framing'?
How information is presented can change our perception and choices.
What is the definition of 'Executive Functions'?
Higher-order cognitive processes that help us plan, organize, and regulate our thoughts and behaviors.
What is the definition of 'Creativity'?
The ability to generate novel and valuable ideas.
What is the definition of 'Divergent Thinking'?
Exploring multiple solutions or perspectives to a problem.
What is 'Functional Fixedness'?
The inability to see alternative uses for an object because we're fixated on its typical use.