All Flashcards
Compare assimilation and accommodation.
Assimilation fits new information into existing schemas, while accommodation changes existing schemas to fit new information.
Compare algorithms and heuristics.
Algorithms are step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution, while heuristics are mental shortcuts that help us make quick decisions but don't guarantee accuracy.
Compare representativeness and availability heuristics.
Representativeness heuristic judges based on stereotypes, while availability heuristic judges based on how easily examples come to mind.
Compare divergent thinking and functional fixedness.
Divergent thinking explores multiple solutions, while functional fixedness limits thinking to the traditional use of an object.
Compare the gambler's fallacy and the sunk-cost fallacy.
Gambler's fallacy is the belief that past random events influence future ones, while the sunk-cost fallacy is continuing to invest in something due to prior investments.
Compare priming and framing.
Priming involves exposure to a stimulus influencing a subsequent response, while framing involves how information is presented affecting perception.
Compare concepts and schemas.
Concepts are mental categories grouping similar things, while schemas are mental frameworks organizing knowledge and expectations.
Compare creativity and executive functions.
Creativity is the ability to generate novel ideas, while executive functions are higher-order processes for planning and organization.
What is the definition of 'Thinking'?
The mental manipulation of information.
What is the definition of 'Problem-Solving'?
Finding solutions to challenges.
What is the definition of 'Judgments'?
Evaluating information to form opinions.
What is the definition of 'Decision-Making'?
Choosing between different options.
What is the definition of 'Concepts'?
Mental categories that group similar things together.
What is the definition of 'Prototypes'?
The best example of a concept.
What is the definition of 'Schemas'?
Mental frameworks that organize our knowledge and expectations about the world.
What is the definition of 'Algorithms'?
Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution if followed correctly.
What is the definition of 'Heuristics'?
Mental shortcuts or 'rules of thumb' that help us make quick decisions.
What is the definition of 'Mental Set'?
The tendency to approach problems in a way that has worked in the past, even if it's not the best approach now.
What is the definition of 'Priming'?
Exposure to one stimulus influencing our response to a subsequent stimulus.
What is the definition of 'Framing'?
How information is presented can change our perception and choices.
What is the definition of 'Executive Functions'?
Higher-order cognitive processes that help us plan, organize, and regulate our thoughts and behaviors.
What is the definition of 'Creativity'?
The ability to generate novel and valuable ideas.
What is the definition of 'Divergent Thinking'?
Exploring multiple solutions or perspectives to a problem.
What is 'Functional Fixedness'?
The inability to see alternative uses for an object because we're fixated on its typical use.
How is the concept of 'prototype' applied in everyday categorization?
When asked to think of a 'bird', most people will think of a robin or sparrow (prototypes) rather than a penguin.
How is the availability heuristic applied in risk assessment?
People often overestimate the risk of dying in a plane crash because these events are highly publicized and easily come to mind.
How is 'framing' used in marketing?
A product described as '90% fat-free' is more appealing than one described as '10% fat', even though they are the same.
How can understanding mental set help in problem-solving?
Recognizing that you're stuck in a mental set can prompt you to try new approaches, leading to more creative solutions.
How can divergent thinking be applied in brainstorming sessions?
Encouraging participants to generate as many ideas as possible, regardless of feasibility, fosters divergent thinking and leads to innovative solutions.
How does the sunk-cost fallacy affect investment decisions?
Investors may hold onto losing stocks longer than they should because they don't want to admit the initial investment was a mistake.
How are executive functions used in academic settings?
Students use executive functions to plan study schedules, manage time during exams, and regulate their attention in class.
How can priming be used in advertising?
Showing images of happy families in commercials can prime viewers to associate the product with positive emotions.
How does the representativeness heuristic affect hiring decisions?
A hiring manager might favor a candidate who fits the stereotype of a successful employee, even if other candidates are more qualified.
How does understanding cognitive biases help in financial planning?
Recognizing biases like the gambler's fallacy helps individuals make more rational investment decisions and avoid risky behaviors.