All Flashcards
Define 'unconscious' in psychodynamic theory.
The part of the mind containing thoughts, desires, and memories not accessible to awareness but influencing behavior.
What is the 'id' according to Freud?
The primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and operates on the pleasure principle.
Define the 'ego' in Freudian terms.
The component of personality that mediates between the desires of the id and the reality of the external world, operating on the reality principle.
What is the 'superego'?
The part of the personality that represents internalized moral standards and values, often referred to as the conscience.
Define 'defense mechanisms'.
Unconscious psychological strategies used to protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings.
What is 'repression'?
An unconscious defense mechanism that keeps disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious.
Define 'displacement'.
Redirecting emotions from a threatening target to a less threatening one.
What is 'projection'?
Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person.
Define 'rationalization'.
Justifying unacceptable behaviors or feelings with logical reasons.
What is 'sublimation'?
Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.
Define 'unconditional positive regard'.
Acceptance and love without conditions attached, crucial for healthy self-concept development.
What is 'self-actualization'?
The realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potentialities, considered as a drive or need present in everyone.
What is the effect of unresolved conflicts between the id, ego, and superego?
Psychological distress, anxiety, and the development of defense mechanisms.
What is the effect of using defense mechanisms?
Short-term reduction of anxiety, but potential long-term distortion of reality and maladaptive behavior.
What is the effect of receiving unconditional positive regard?
Development of a positive self-concept, high self-esteem, and greater self-acceptance.
What is the effect of failing to self-actualize?
Feelings of dissatisfaction, unfulfillment, and a sense of not reaching one's full potential.
What is the cause of using repression as a defense mechanism?
Experiencing a traumatic or highly distressing event leads the unconscious to block out the memory to protect the individual.
What is the effect of consistent use of rationalization?
Individuals may develop a distorted perception of reality, avoiding personal responsibility and hindering personal growth.
What is the cause of displacement?
Feeling anger or frustration towards a person or situation that is too threatening to confront directly leads to redirecting those feelings onto a safer target.
What is the effect of consistent projection?
Damaged relationships, as individuals may blame others for their own flaws and struggles, leading to misunderstandings and conflict.
What is the cause of a strong superego?
Strict upbringing and internalization of rigid moral standards can lead to an overly critical and judgmental superego.
What is the effect of a dominant id?
Impulsive behavior, difficulty delaying gratification, and disregard for societal norms and rules.
How can understanding defense mechanisms help in everyday life?
It can help recognize and manage our own and others' reactions to stress and anxiety, leading to healthier coping strategies.
How is unconditional positive regard applied in therapy?
Therapists create a non-judgmental and accepting environment to help clients develop a positive self-concept and self-esteem.
How can self-actualization be applied to personal development?
By identifying and pursuing one's talents and potential, leading to a more fulfilling and meaningful life.
How might the concept of displacement manifest in a work environment?
An employee who is criticized by their boss might go home and argue with their spouse or children, displacing their frustration.
How can rationalization be observed in academic settings?
A student who performs poorly on an exam might rationalize their failure by blaming the teacher or the difficulty of the test, rather than acknowledging a lack of preparation.
In what ways can sublimation be a positive coping mechanism?
Someone with aggressive tendencies might channel those impulses into competitive sports or physical activities, transforming negative energy into something productive.
How is the concept of repression relevant to understanding trauma?
Individuals who have experienced traumatic events may unconsciously block out distressing memories as a way to cope, which can later affect their behavior and emotional well-being.
How can understanding the id, ego, and superego dynamics help resolve personal conflicts?
By recognizing the competing demands of these components, individuals can develop strategies to balance their desires, moral standards, and the constraints of reality.
How can projective tests be used in clinical settings?
Clinicians use projective tests to gain insights into a patient's unconscious thoughts, feelings, and conflicts, which can inform treatment approaches.
How can the principles of humanistic psychology be applied to education?
Educators can create a supportive and encouraging environment that fosters students' self-esteem, personal growth, and intrinsic motivation to learn.