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Explain the core idea of Social-Cognitive Theory.
Personality is shaped by the interaction of thoughts, actions, and environment.
Describe the key principle of Reciprocal Determinism.
Personal, behavioral, and environmental factors influence each other bidirectionally.
What is the significance of Self-Efficacy in Social-Cognitive Theory?
It impacts goal setting, persistence, and resilience in the face of challenges.
Why is Self-Esteem important?
It influences self-perception and confidence.
What is the focus of trait theories?
Identifying and measuring stable characteristics that make up personality.
What does the Big Five model attempt to explain?
The fundamental dimensions of personality using five broad traits.
What is the role of traits?
Traits influence thoughts, emotions, and behaviors consistently across situations.
What is the biological basis of the Big Five?
These traits are considered universal and have a genetic component.
How are the Big Five traits measured?
Through personality inventories using questionnaires.
What is the purpose of factor analysis in personality research?
To identify underlying personality dimensions by grouping related traits.
What is the relationship between traits and responses?
Traits are relatively consistent over time and lead to typical responses.
Compare self-efficacy and self-esteem.
Self-efficacy is belief in ability to succeed; self-esteem is overall self-worth.
Compare social-cognitive and trait theories.
Social-cognitive emphasizes interaction of person, behavior, environment; trait theory focuses on stable characteristics.
Compare high and low self-efficacy.
High self-efficacy involves setting challenging goals and persistence; low self-efficacy involves avoiding difficult tasks.
Compare high and low self-esteem.
High self-esteem involves positive self-views and confidence; low self-esteem involves negative self-views and self-doubt.
Compare Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness.
Openness is about curiosity and imagination; Conscientiousness is about organization and discipline.
Compare Extraversion and Agreeableness.
Extraversion is about sociability; Agreeableness is about compassion and cooperation.
Compare Neuroticism and Emotional Stability.
Neuroticism is about emotional reactivity; Emotional Stability is about calmness and security.
Compare the focus of trait theory and social-cognitive theory.
Trait theory focuses on enduring characteristics, while social-cognitive theory focuses on dynamic interactions.
Compare the stability of traits according to trait theory and social-cognitive theory.
Trait theory emphasizes trait stability, while social-cognitive theory acknowledges situational influences.
Compare how trait theory and social-cognitive theory explain behavior.
Trait theory explains behavior through stable traits, while social-cognitive theory emphasizes reciprocal interactions.
What is reciprocal determinism?
The interaction of personal, behavioral, and environmental factors influencing each other.
Define self-concept.
Your overall view of your attributes, abilities, and roles in relation to others; your personal identity.
What is self-efficacy?
Your belief in your ability to succeed and achieve goals.
Define self-esteem.
Your overall evaluation of your own worth and value.
What are personality traits?
Enduring characteristics influencing thoughts, emotions, and behaviors across situations.
Define Openness to Experience.
A Big Five trait reflecting curiosity, imagination, and a preference for novelty.
What is Conscientiousness?
A Big Five trait reflecting organization, discipline, and responsibility.
Define Extraversion.
A Big Five trait reflecting sociability, outgoingness, and assertiveness.
What is Agreeableness?
A Big Five trait reflecting compassion, cooperation, and empathy.
Define Neuroticism.
A Big Five trait reflecting emotional instability, anxiety, and reactivity.
What are personality inventories?
Questionnaires used to measure an individual's standing on various personality traits.
What is factor analysis?
A statistical technique used to identify underlying dimensions of personality by grouping related items.