Define 'Dysfunction' in the context of psychological disorders.
The extent to which a condition interferes with a person's ability to maintain relationships and carry out daily tasks.
Define 'Distress' in the context of psychological disorders.
The emotional pain and suffering a person experiences due to a psychological condition.
Define 'Deviance' in the context of psychological disorders.
The extent to which a person's thoughts and behaviors differ significantly from social norms.
What is the DSM?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; used in the US to categorize disorders based on specific symptoms and criteria.
What is the ICD?
International Classification of Mental Disorders; used internationally, serves a similar purpose as DSM.
Define 'Classical Conditioning'.
A type of learning where an association is made between a neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
Define 'Operant Conditioning'.
A type of learning where behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Define 'Maladaptive thoughts'.
Thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes that are unhelpful and contribute to psychological distress.
Define 'Diathesis'.
A genetic vulnerability or predisposition to developing a psychological disorder.
Define 'Biopsychosocial Model'.
A model that recognizes that psychological problems involve a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
How does classical conditioning apply to phobias?
Phobias can develop from traumatic experiences through classical conditioning (e.g., fear of dogs after being bitten).
How does operant conditioning apply to self-harm?
Self-harm behaviors can be reinforced by attention or relief from emotional pain.
How can cultural biases affect disorder diagnosis?
Biases (racism, sexism, ageism) can lead to misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis in certain populations.
Give an example of the application of the biopsychosocial model.
Understanding depression involves considering genetic predispositions, negative thought patterns, and social isolation.
How is the cognitive perspective applied to treating anxiety?
Identifying and challenging maladaptive thought patterns that contribute to anxiety.
How might the humanistic perspective be applied in therapy?
Providing unconditional positive regard and support to help individuals fulfill their potential.
How can the sociocultural perspective explain eating disorders?
Societal pressures and cultural ideals of thinness can contribute to the development of eating disorders.
How can the diathesis-stress model explain PTSD?
Individuals with a genetic predisposition to anxiety may develop PTSD after experiencing a severe trauma.
How might the evolutionary perspective explain anxiety disorders?
Anxiety may have been adaptive in ancestral environments but is now maladaptive in modern contexts.
How is the biological perspective applied in treating depression?
Using medications to correct imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin.
Compare the Behavioral and Cognitive perspectives on anxiety disorders.
Behavioral: Anxiety arises from learned associations. Cognitive: Anxiety arises from maladaptive thought patterns.
Compare the Psychodynamic and Humanistic perspectives on the causes of disorders.
Psychodynamic: Unconscious conflicts. Humanistic: Lack of social support and inability to fulfill potential.
Compare the DSM and ICD.
Both categorize disorders based on symptoms and criteria. DSM is used in the US, ICD is used internationally.
Compare the Biological and Evolutionary perspectives on depression.
Biological: Focuses on neurotransmitter imbalances. Evolutionary: Depression may be a maladaptive response to loss.
Compare the Sociocultural and Biological perspectives on schizophrenia.
Sociocultural: Emphasizes social and environmental factors. Biological: Focuses on genetic and neurological factors.
Compare the Behavioral and Sociocultural perspectives on substance use disorders.
Behavioral: Focuses on learned behaviors and reinforcement. Sociocultural: Considers the influence of social norms and environment.
Compare the Cognitive and Psychodynamic perspectives on personality disorders.
Cognitive: Focuses on maladaptive thought patterns. Psychodynamic: Emphasizes early childhood experiences and unresolved conflicts.
Compare the Humanistic and Evolutionary perspectives on anxiety.
Humanistic: Anxiety arises from a lack of self-acceptance and personal growth. Evolutionary: Anxiety may have been adaptive in ancestral environments.
Compare the Biopsychosocial model with the Biological perspective.
Biopsychosocial: Emphasizes the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. Biological: Focuses primarily on genetic and physiological factors.
Compare the Diathesis-Stress model with the Sociocultural perspective.
Diathesis-Stress: Focuses on the interaction of genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors. Sociocultural: Emphasizes the influence of social and cultural factors.
