All Flashcards
Define 'Dysfunction' in the context of psychological disorders.
The extent to which a condition interferes with a person's ability to maintain relationships and carry out daily tasks.
Define 'Distress' in the context of psychological disorders.
The emotional pain and suffering a person experiences due to a psychological condition.
Define 'Deviance' in the context of psychological disorders.
The extent to which a person's thoughts and behaviors differ significantly from social norms.
What is the DSM?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; used in the US to categorize disorders based on specific symptoms and criteria.
What is the ICD?
International Classification of Mental Disorders; used internationally, serves a similar purpose as DSM.
Define 'Classical Conditioning'.
A type of learning where an association is made between a neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
Define 'Operant Conditioning'.
A type of learning where behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Define 'Maladaptive thoughts'.
Thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes that are unhelpful and contribute to psychological distress.
Define 'Diathesis'.
A genetic vulnerability or predisposition to developing a psychological disorder.
Define 'Biopsychosocial Model'.
A model that recognizes that psychological problems involve a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
What is the Eclectic Approach in diagnosis?
Using multiple perspectives to understand and treat a client's unique needs.
What is the main idea of the Behavioral Perspective on disorders?
Disorders arise from maladaptive learned associations.
What is the main idea of the Psychodynamic Perspective on disorders?
Emphasizes unconscious thoughts, feelings, and childhood experiences as root causes of disorders.
What is the main idea of the Humanistic Perspective on disorders?
Disorders arise when individuals lack social support and cannot fulfill their potential for growth.
What is the main idea of the Cognitive Perspective on disorders?
Focuses on maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes as key contributors to disorders.
What is the Evolutionary Perspective on disorders?
Suggests some disorders may have evolved as adaptations but are now maladaptive in modern contexts.
What is the Sociocultural Perspective on disorders?
Emphasizes the influence of social, cultural, and environmental factors on mental health issues.
What is the Biological Perspective on disorders?
Attributes disorders to physiological or genetic factors.
What is the Diathesis-Stress Model?
Disorders emerge when a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) meets significant life stressors (stress).
What are the key factors for disorder identification?
Dysfunction, distress, and deviance.
How does classical conditioning apply to phobias?
Phobias can develop from traumatic experiences through classical conditioning (e.g., fear of dogs after being bitten).
How does operant conditioning apply to self-harm?
Self-harm behaviors can be reinforced by attention or relief from emotional pain.
How can cultural biases affect disorder diagnosis?
Biases (racism, sexism, ageism) can lead to misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis in certain populations.
Give an example of the application of the biopsychosocial model.
Understanding depression involves considering genetic predispositions, negative thought patterns, and social isolation.
How is the cognitive perspective applied to treating anxiety?
Identifying and challenging maladaptive thought patterns that contribute to anxiety.
How might the humanistic perspective be applied in therapy?
Providing unconditional positive regard and support to help individuals fulfill their potential.
How can the sociocultural perspective explain eating disorders?
Societal pressures and cultural ideals of thinness can contribute to the development of eating disorders.
How can the diathesis-stress model explain PTSD?
Individuals with a genetic predisposition to anxiety may develop PTSD after experiencing a severe trauma.
How might the evolutionary perspective explain anxiety disorders?
Anxiety may have been adaptive in ancestral environments but is now maladaptive in modern contexts.
How is the biological perspective applied in treating depression?
Using medications to correct imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin.