The theory that an imbalance of dopamine neurotransmitters in the brain contributes to the symptoms of schizophrenia.

A behavioral concept where individuals believe they have no control over negative events, contributing to depressive disorders.

A model that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding and treating psychological disorders.

A learning process where an association is made between a neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to a conditioned response; relevant in anxiety disorders and OCD.

The maladaptive thinking pattern in OCD where individuals believe that having a thought about an action is morally equivalent to actually performing the action.

The amygdala plays a key role in processing fear and anxiety; abnormalities in its structure or function can contribute to anxiety disorders.

Family history indicates a genetic predisposition; individuals with a family history of mental illness have a higher risk of developing similar disorders.

Cultural ideals promoting thinness can contribute to body image distortion, low self-esteem, and the development of eating disorders, particularly in vulnerable individuals.

Imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are implicated in depressive disorders, affecting mood regulation.

Compulsions are negatively reinforced because they temporarily reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions, thus perpetuating the cycle of OCD.

Severe trauma, especially in childhood, can lead to dissociation as a coping mechanism, disrupting consciousness, memory, and identity.

Prenatal exposure to toxins can disrupt brain development, increasing the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders like ADHD and ASD.

Imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine can lead to persistent sadness, irritability, and other symptoms of mood disorders.

Severe, repeated trauma, especially in childhood, can cause disruptions in consciousness, memory, and identity, leading to dissociative disorders.

Social isolation can lead to feelings of loneliness, hopelessness, and decreased self-esteem, exacerbating symptoms of depression.

Exposure to cultural ideals of thinness can lead to body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and unhealthy eating behaviors, increasing the risk of eating disorders.

Avoidance behaviors reinforce anxiety by preventing individuals from confronting their fears and learning that the feared outcomes are unlikely.

Negative thinking patterns, such as catastrophizing and overgeneralizing, can perpetuate feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness in depression.

Irregular sleep schedules and disruptions in circadian rhythms can trigger manic or depressive episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder.

Substance abuse, particularly cannabis, can exacerbate symptoms of schizophrenia and increase the risk of relapse.

Intrusive, unwanted thoughts cause anxiety and distress, leading to compulsive behaviors aimed at reducing the anxiety.

Exposure to traumatic events can lead to intrusive memories, avoidance, negative mood/cognition, and hyperarousal, resulting in PTSD.

Disorders that appear early in life and impact behavior, cognition, or social skills due to differences in brain development.

False beliefs, such as persecutory or grandiose beliefs, that are a symptom of schizophrenic spectrum disorders.

False perceptions, such as hearing voices, that are a symptom of schizophrenic spectrum disorders.

Absence of typical behaviors, such as flat affect or avolition, seen in schizophrenic spectrum disorders.

A depressive disorder characterized by persistent sad, empty, or irritable moods, and changes in sleep, appetite, energy, concentration, and self-esteem.

Periods of inflated self-esteem, decreased sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, and risky behaviors associated with bipolar disorders.

An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense fear of specific objects or situations.

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety, often associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A dissociative disorder characterized by two or more distinct personality states.

A trauma disorder characterized by intrusive memories, avoidance, negative mood/cognition, and hyperarousal following a traumatic event.

An eating disorder characterized by restriction, fear of weight gain, and distorted body image.