All Flashcards
What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation?
Increased heart rate, faster breathing, and heightened alertness.
What is the effect of parasympathetic nervous system activation?
Decreased heart rate, slower breathing, and relaxation.
What is the effect of damage to the spinal cord?
Loss of motor control and sensation below the injury site.
What is the effect of neurotransmitter imbalance?
Can lead to various psychological disorders, such as depression or anxiety.
What is the effect of a strong stimulus on a neuron?
Triggers an action potential if the threshold is reached.
What is the effect of blocking neurotransmitter reuptake?
Increased concentration of the neurotransmitter in the synapse, prolonging its effects.
What is the effect of myelin sheath damage?
Slower or disrupted nerve impulse transmission.
What is the effect of a neuron not reaching its threshold?
No action potential is generated; the neuron does not fire.
What is the effect of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Decreases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing.
What is the effect of an excitatory neurotransmitter?
Increases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing.
Describe the steps of an action potential.
- Neuron is at resting potential. 2. Depolarization occurs. 3. Threshold is reached. 4. Action potential is triggered. 5. Repolarization occurs. 6. Resting potential is restored.
What is the process of neurotransmission?
- Synthesis of neurotransmitters. 2. Release into the synapse. 3. Binding to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. 4. Signal propagation. 5. Removal of neurotransmitters from the synapse.
Describe the 'fight or flight' response.
- Threat perceived. 2. Sympathetic nervous system activated. 3. Heart rate increases. 4. Breathing quickens. 5. Adrenaline released. 6. Body prepares for action.
What is the process of the 'rest and digest' response?
- Threat subsides. 2. Parasympathetic nervous system activated. 3. Heart rate decreases. 4. Breathing slows. 5. Body returns to a calm state.
Describe the steps of a reflex arc.
- Sensory receptor detects stimulus. 2. Sensory neuron transmits signal to spinal cord. 3. Interneuron processes signal. 4. Motor neuron transmits signal to muscle. 5. Muscle contracts.
How is the sympathetic nervous system involved in public speaking?
It increases heart rate and alertness, preparing the body for the stressful situation.
How does the parasympathetic nervous system help after exercise?
It slows the heart rate and promotes relaxation, helping the body recover.
How do sensory neurons help when cooking?
They transmit information about taste, smell, and temperature to the brain.
How do motor neurons function when playing a musical instrument?
They carry signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling precise movements.
How do interneurons contribute to problem-solving?
They process information within the brain, allowing for decision-making and reasoning.
How does understanding neurotransmitters help in treating depression?
Medications can target specific neurotransmitters to improve mood.
How does the concept of action potential relate to pain management?
Blocking action potentials can reduce pain signals.
How is the autonomic nervous system involved in digestion?
It controls the involuntary processes of digestion, such as stomach contractions and enzyme release.
How does the somatic nervous system enable sports activities?
It controls voluntary muscle movements, allowing for running, jumping, and throwing.
How is the understanding of synapses important in drug development?
Drugs can be designed to affect neurotransmitter release or receptor binding at the synapse.