All Flashcards
Compare Sensation and Perception.
Sensation is the raw data received by sensory receptors; perception is the interpretation of that data.
Compare Bottom-up and Top-down Processing.
Bottom-up starts with sensory input; top-down uses prior knowledge and expectations.
Compare Monocular and Binocular Cues.
Monocular cues require one eye; binocular cues require both eyes for depth perception.
Compare Place Theory and Frequency Theory.
Place theory links pitch to the location of cochlea stimulation; frequency theory links pitch to the rate of nerve impulses.
Compare Cones and Rods.
Cones detect color and fine detail in daylight; rods detect black, white, and gray in low light.
Compare Sensorineural and Conduction Hearing Loss.
Sensorineural involves damage to the cochlea or auditory nerves; conduction involves damage to the mechanical system of the ear.
Compare the Trichromatic and Opponent-Process Theories of color vision.
Trichromatic theory proposes 3 color receptors; opponent-process proposes opposing retinal processes.
What is Sensation?
Process where sensory receptors receive and represent stimulus energies.
What is Perception?
Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
What is Absolute Threshold?
Minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
What is Difference Threshold (JND)?
Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
What is a Subliminal stimulus?
Stimulus below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
What is Sensory Adaptation?
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
What is Perceptual Set?
Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.
What are Schemas?
Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.
What is Inattentional Blindness?
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
What is Change Blindness?
Failing to notice changes in the environment.
What is Retinal Disparity?
The difference between the images seen by the left and right eyes.
What is Accommodation (eye)?
Process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus on near or far objects.
Define Kinesthesis.
The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.
Define Proprioception.
The sense of the position of one's own body.
What is the effect of constant stimulation on sensory receptors?
Sensory adaptation: diminished sensitivity.
What is the effect of damage to the cochlea's receptor cells?
Sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness).
What is the effect of damage to the mechanical system of the ear?
Conduction hearing loss.
What is the effect of expectations on perception?
Perceptual set: perceiving what you expect to see.
What is the effect of selective attention?
Focusing conscious awareness, potentially leading to inattentional blindness.
What is the effect of retinal disparity?
Provides binocular cue for depth perception.
What is the effect of wavelength on light?
Determines the hue (color) we perceive.
What is the effect of amplitude on light?
Determines the intensity (brightness) we perceive.
What is the effect of context on perception?
Context effects: influences our perception of a stimulus.
What is the effect of the McGurk effect?
An error in perception when visual and auditory speech cues don't match.