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How is sensory adaptation relevant in everyday life?
Explains why we stop noticing background noises or smells after a while.
How does perceptual set influence eyewitness testimony?
Expectations can bias what eyewitnesses remember and report.
How is Weber's Law used in marketing?
Determining the just noticeable difference in price changes to influence consumer perception.
How is signal detection theory applied in airport security?
Balances correctly identifying threats with minimizing false alarms.
How does the cocktail party effect apply to studying?
Highlights the challenge of focusing on study material in a distracting environment.
How does understanding depth cues help artists?
Artists use monocular and binocular cues to create realistic depth in paintings.
How does perceptual constancy help us navigate the world?
Allows us to recognize objects despite changes in viewing angle, distance, or illumination.
How does the McGurk effect demonstrate sensory interaction?
Shows how visual information (lip movements) can influence auditory perception (what we hear).
How does understanding taste perception help chefs?
Chefs combine flavors to create balanced and appealing dishes.
How does the gate-control theory explain pain management?
Explains how massage or acupuncture might reduce pain by closing the 'gate'.
What is Bottom-up Processing?
Analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.
What is Top-down Processing?
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, drawing on experience and expectations.
What is Weber's Law?
To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage.
What is Signal Detection Theory?
Predicts how and when we detect a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise).
What is the Cocktail Party Effect?
Ability to attend to only one voice among many.
Explain Figure-Ground Relationship.
Organizing visual information into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground).
What are Monocular Cues?
Depth cues available to either eye alone, such as relative size and linear perspective.
What are Binocular Cues?
Depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes, such as retinal disparity and convergence.
What is Perceptual Constancy?
Perceiving objects as unchanging (consistent shape, size, lightness, color) even as illumination and retinal images change.
What is the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory?
Retina contains three color receptors (red, green, blue) that produce perception of any color when stimulated in combination.
What is the Opponent-Process Theory?
Opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision.
Explain the Gate-Control Theory.
The spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.
Compare Sensation and Perception.
Sensation is the raw data received by sensory receptors; perception is the interpretation of that data.
Compare Bottom-up and Top-down Processing.
Bottom-up starts with sensory input; top-down uses prior knowledge and expectations.
Compare Monocular and Binocular Cues.
Monocular cues require one eye; binocular cues require both eyes for depth perception.
Compare Place Theory and Frequency Theory.
Place theory links pitch to the location of cochlea stimulation; frequency theory links pitch to the rate of nerve impulses.
Compare Cones and Rods.
Cones detect color and fine detail in daylight; rods detect black, white, and gray in low light.
Compare Sensorineural and Conduction Hearing Loss.
Sensorineural involves damage to the cochlea or auditory nerves; conduction involves damage to the mechanical system of the ear.
Compare the Trichromatic and Opponent-Process Theories of color vision.
Trichromatic theory proposes 3 color receptors; opponent-process proposes opposing retinal processes.