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Explain the levels of processing model.
Encoding occurs on a continuum from shallow (visual) to deep (semantic) processing, with deeper processing leading to better memory.
What is the key to semantic encoding?
Focusing on the meaning of information rather than its physical characteristics.
How does elaborative rehearsal enhance memory?
By connecting new information to existing knowledge, creating more retrieval cues.
Why is the self-reference effect effective?
Information related to oneself is more deeply processed and personally relevant, making it more memorable.
How does imagery aid encoding?
Creating mental pictures provides a dual code (visual and verbal), enhancing memory.
Give an example of visual encoding in everyday life.
Remembering the layout of your kitchen or the appearance of a friend's face.
Give an example of acoustic encoding in everyday life.
Remembering a phone number by the way it sounds when you say it aloud.
Give an example of semantic encoding in everyday life.
Remembering that a robin is a bird because you understand the category 'bird'.
How can elaborative rehearsal be used when studying?
Relating new concepts to real-world examples or personal experiences.
How can the self-reference effect be used when studying?
Thinking about how the material relates to your own life or goals.
Compare maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal involves rote repetition, while elaborative rehearsal involves connecting new information to existing knowledge. Elaborative rehearsal is more effective for long-term memory.
Compare visual, acoustic, and semantic encoding.
Visual encoding is based on appearance, acoustic on sound, and semantic on meaning. Semantic encoding is the deepest and most effective for long-term memory.