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What is Encoding?
The process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.
What is Visual Encoding?
Encoding of images and visual sensory information.
What is Acoustic Encoding?
Encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
What is Semantic Encoding?
Encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.
What is Maintenance Rehearsal?
Repeating information over and over to keep it in short-term memory.
What is Elaborative Rehearsal?
Actively thinking about the meaning of information and relating it to existing knowledge.
What is the Self-Reference Effect?
The tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves.
Give an example of visual encoding in everyday life.
Remembering the layout of your kitchen or the appearance of a friend's face.
Give an example of acoustic encoding in everyday life.
Remembering a phone number by the way it sounds when you say it aloud.
Give an example of semantic encoding in everyday life.
Remembering that a robin is a bird because you understand the category 'bird'.
How can elaborative rehearsal be used when studying?
Relating new concepts to real-world examples or personal experiences.
How can the self-reference effect be used when studying?
Thinking about how the material relates to your own life or goals.
Explain the levels of processing model.
Encoding occurs on a continuum from shallow (visual) to deep (semantic) processing, with deeper processing leading to better memory.
What is the key to semantic encoding?
Focusing on the meaning of information rather than its physical characteristics.
How does elaborative rehearsal enhance memory?
By connecting new information to existing knowledge, creating more retrieval cues.
Why is the self-reference effect effective?
Information related to oneself is more deeply processed and personally relevant, making it more memorable.
How does imagery aid encoding?
Creating mental pictures provides a dual code (visual and verbal), enhancing memory.