All Flashcards
What are the stages of Freud's psychosexual development?
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital.
What is 'attachment'?
A deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space.
Define 'contact comfort'.
The innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; a crucial element in forming attachment.
What is 'secure base'?
A trusted caregiver providing security, enabling exploration and return for reassurance.
Define 'imprinting'.
A rapid, early learning process where newborns form strong attachments, typically to their parents.
What is 'mere exposure'?
The psychological phenomenon whereby people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.
What is 'temperament'?
A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity; considered a constitutional disposition.
Define 'basic trust'.
According to Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by responsive caregivers.
What is 'autonomy'?
Erikson's stage where toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.
Define 'modeling'.
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior; central to social learning theory.
What is a 'critical period'?
A specific time during development when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces optimal or irreversible consequences.
What is the main idea of Harlow's research?
Attachment is primarily driven by contact comfort, not just nourishment.
What is the 'strange situation' experiment?
A standardized procedure to assess infant attachment by observing responses to separation and reunion with a caregiver.
What is 'secure attachment'?
Infants explore confidently with the caregiver present, show distress upon separation, and seek comfort upon reunion.
What is 'insecure attachment'?
Attachment patterns marked by anxiety, avoidance, or ambivalence in relationships.
Explain Erikson's psychosocial stages.
Development occurs in sequential stages, each presenting a unique crisis that must be resolved for healthy development.
What is authoritative parenting?
A parenting style characterized by clear expectations, open communication, and warmth.
What is authoritarian parenting?
A parenting style characterized by high demands, strict rules, and low responsiveness.
What is permissive parenting?
A parenting style characterized by few demands, high responsiveness, and indulgent behavior.
What is social learning theory?
Learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling, especially from significant others.
What is Freud's psychosexual theory?
Personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages, each focusing on a different erogenous zone; unresolved conflicts can lead to fixations.