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Define 'trait' in personality psychology.
A stable characteristic that influences behavior.
What is a cardinal trait?
A dominant trait that defines a person's entire life.
What is a central trait?
General characteristics that form the foundation of personality.
Define 'factor analysis'.
A statistical technique to identify clusters of related traits.
Define 'Extroversion'.
How outgoing and sociable you are.
Define 'Neuroticism'.
Level of emotional stability or instability.
Define 'Psychoticism'.
Level of tough-mindedness and impulsivity.
What does 'Openness' mean in the Big Five?
How open you are to new experiences.
What does 'Conscientiousness' mean in the Big Five?
How organized and careful you are.
What does 'Agreeableness' mean in the Big Five?
How well you get along with others.
What is a nomothetic approach?
Belief that the same basic set of traits can describe everyone's personality.
Compare trait theories with psychoanalytic theories.
Trait theories focus on identifying and measuring stable characteristics, while psychoanalytic theories emphasize unconscious processes and early childhood experiences.
Compare trait theories with humanistic theories.
Trait theories focus on describing personality dimensions, while humanistic theories emphasize personal growth and self-actualization.
Compare Allport's approach to personality with Eysenck's.
Allport focused on individual traits, while Eysenck focused on universal dimensions.
Compare the Big Five traits with Eysenck's three dimensions.
The Big Five provides a more comprehensive description of personality compared to Eysenck's simpler model.
Compare the nomothetic and idiographic approaches to personality.
The nomothetic approach seeks to establish universal laws, while the idiographic approach focuses on individual uniqueness.
Compare trait theories with social-cognitive theories.
Trait theories emphasize stable internal characteristics, while social-cognitive theories emphasize the interaction between traits and the social context.
Compare cardinal traits and central traits.
Cardinal traits dominate a person's entire life, while central traits are general characteristics that form the foundation of personality.
Compare the MBTI with the Big Five.
The MBTI categorizes people into distinct types, while the Big Five measures personality traits on a continuous scale.
Compare the views of personality between trait theorists and psychodynamic theorists.
Trait theorists view personality as a set of stable characteristics, while psychodynamic theorists view personality as a dynamic interplay of conscious and unconscious motives.
Compare the assumptions made by trait theorists and humanistic theorists.
Trait theorists assume personality is influenced by genetic predispositions, while humanistic theorists assume people strive for self-realization.
What is the effect of high neuroticism on mental health?
Increased risk of anxiety disorders and depression.
How does genetics influence personality traits?
Genetic predispositions can influence the development of certain traits, like extroversion or neuroticism.
What is the effect of high conscientiousness on academic performance?
Leads to better organization, time management, and higher grades.
How does low agreeableness affect relationships?
Can lead to conflicts and difficulties in maintaining positive relationships.
What is the impact of low openness on creativity?
May limit willingness to try new things and explore unconventional ideas.
What is the effect of high extroversion on social interactions?
Individuals are more likely to seek out social interactions and enjoy being around others.
How does childhood environment affect the expression of personality traits?
Early experiences can shape how traits are expressed, either reinforcing or suppressing certain behaviors.
What is the effect of high psychoticism on behavior?
Increased impulsivity, risk-taking, and potential for antisocial behavior.
How does high conscientiousness impact work ethic?
Leads to a strong work ethic, reliability, and a commitment to completing tasks effectively.
What is the effect of low neuroticism on stress response?
Individuals are more likely to remain calm and resilient under stressful conditions.