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What is the effect of low norepinephrine and serotonin?
Can contribute to depression.
What is the effect of a smaller left frontal lobe?
Associated with depression.
What is the effect of unpredictable bad events?
Can lead to anxiety.
What is the effect of avoiding feared stimuli?
Reinforces phobias.
What is the effect of heightened threat awareness?
Some individuals are more prone to anxiety.
What is the effect of loss (present or past) in MDD?
Detachment from reality.
What is the effect of obsessions in OCD?
Compulsions.
What is the effect of compulsions in OCD?
Temporary relief from anxiety.
What is the effect of exaggerated arousal of the autonomic nervous system?
Symptoms like difficulty sleeping, depressed mood, and trouble concentrating.
What is the effect of disruptive fear of a specific source?
Avoidant behavior.
Explain the concept of 'Explanatory Style'.
How you handle stress impacts vulnerability to depression; can be stable, global, or internal.
What is Stimulus Generalization in anxiety disorders?
Fear of all similar stimuli after a negative experience (e.g., fear of all bugs after a bee sting).
How does Reinforcement affect phobias?
Avoidance reinforces phobias, creating a difficult cycle to break.
How can observational learning lead to anxiety?
Fear can be learned by watching others.
How does evolutionary perspective explain phobias?
Fears are often of things that threatened our ancestors.
Explain the biological factors in mood disorders.
Genetic predisposition, smaller left frontal lobe, neurotransmitter imbalances (low norepinephrine and serotonin).
What is the social-cognitive perspective on depression?
Low self-esteem and negative views of life contribute to depression.
What are the key characteristics of a panic attack?
Physical symptoms like sweating, fast heart rate, and dizziness, coupled with intense fear.
What role do obsessions play in OCD?
Obsessions are the repetitive thoughts that cause anxiety, driving the compulsive behaviors.
What role do compulsions play in OCD?
Compulsions are the repetitive behaviors that result from obsessions, aimed at reducing anxiety.
How does autonomic nervous system relate to GAD?
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is characterized by exaggerated arousal of the autonomic nervous system.
Give an example of how 'stable' explanatory style affects depression.
Believing 'It's going to last forever' after a negative event.
How does 'global' explanatory style relate to depression?
Thinking 'It's going to affect everything I do' after a setback.
Example of 'internal' explanatory style in depression?
Blaming oneself and thinking 'It's all my fault' after a failure.
How is stimulus generalization seen in phobias after a bee sting?
Developing a fear of all bugs, not just bees.
How does avoiding dogs reinforce a phobia?
Each time a person avoids dogs, the anxiety is reduced, reinforcing the avoidance behavior.
How might someone learn a phobia through observational learning?
A child seeing their parent react fearfully to spiders might develop a spider phobia.
How might evolutionary fears manifest today?
A fear of heights or snakes, which were dangers to our ancestors.
How can excessive hand-washing be related to OCD?
Excessive hand-washing can be a compulsion driven by the obsession of concern with dirt, germs, or toxins.
How can checking doors and locks be related to OCD?
Checking doors and locks can be a compulsion driven by the obsession of something bad happening.
How can symmetry, order, and exactness be related to OCD?
Symmetry, order, and exactness can be obsessions that lead to compulsions.