All Flashcards
What is Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
When actions and beliefs clash, discomfort arises. We reduce this by changing thoughts or actions to align them.
What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model?
A model explaining when people are persuaded by central (facts) vs. peripheral (superficial cues) routes.
What is the Just-World Hypothesis?
The belief that people get what they deserve, which can lead to victim-blaming.
What is the significance of the Stanford Prison Experiment?
It demonstrated how situational factors can powerfully influence behavior, even leading to harmful actions based on assigned roles.
What does Asch's Conformity Study reveal about human behavior?
People are likely to conform to group norms, even when they know the group is wrong.
What did Milgram's Obedience Study demonstrate?
People are surprisingly likely to obey authority figures, even when it means harming others.
What is Social Facilitation?
Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others.
What is Social Inhibition?
Worsened performance on complex tasks in the presence of others.
What is Group Polarization?
Group discussions strengthen the dominant viewpoint, making groups more extreme in their views.
What is Diffusion of Responsibility?
Individuals feel less responsible for their actions when in a group.
What is the Mere-Exposure Effect?
The tendency to develop a preference for things merely because we are familiar with them.
What are Reciprocity Norms?
The expectation that people will help those who have helped them.
Compare Central Route to Persuasion and Peripheral Route to Persuasion.
Central route uses facts and logic, requiring careful thought. Peripheral route uses superficial cues, requiring less thought.
Compare Prejudice and Discrimination.
Prejudice is a negative attitude; discrimination is negative behavior based on that attitude.
Compare Conformity and Obedience.
Conformity is adjusting behavior to fit in with a group. Obedience is following orders from an authority figure.
Compare Social Facilitation and Social Inhibition.
Social facilitation is improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others. Social inhibition is worsened performance on complex tasks in the presence of others.
Compare In-group Bias and Out-group Homogeneity Bias.
In-group bias favors our own group, while out-group homogeneity bias perceives out-group members as more similar than in-group members.
Compare Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism.
Ethnocentrism is viewing one's own culture as superior, while cultural relativism is understanding cultures on their own terms.
Compare Altruism and Reciprocity Norms.
Altruism is unselfish concern for others; reciprocity norms involve helping those who have helped us.
Compare Stereotypes and Prejudice.
Stereotypes are generalized beliefs about a group; prejudice is a negative attitude toward a group.
Compare Deindividuation and Diffusion of Responsibility.
Deindividuation is the loss of self-awareness in a group; diffusion of responsibility is feeling less accountable in a group.
Compare the Stanford Prison Experiment and Milgram's Obedience Study.
Zimbardo focused on role-playing and situational factors, while Milgram focused on obedience to authority.
What are the causes and effects of Deindividuation?
Causes: Group membership, anonymity. Effects: Loss of self-awareness, impulsive behavior.
What are the causes and effects of Groupthink?
Causes: Desire for harmony, suppression of dissent. Effects: Poor decisions, lack of critical thinking.
What are the causes and effects of the Bystander Effect?
Causes: Diffusion of responsibility, ambiguity. Effects: Reduced likelihood of helping in an emergency.
What are the causes and effects of Cognitive Dissonance?
Causes: Inconsistent beliefs and actions. Effects: Discomfort, attitude change, behavior change.
What are the causes and effects of Stereotypes?
Causes: Social learning, categorization. Effects: Prejudice, discrimination.
What are the causes and effects of the Fundamental Attribution Error?
Causes: Cognitive biases, lack of information. Effects: Misjudging others, blaming individuals for situational factors.
What are the causes and effects of Social Facilitation?
Causes: Presence of others, increased arousal. Effects: Improved performance on simple tasks, worsened performance on complex tasks.
What are the causes and effects of Group Polarization?
Causes: Informational influence, normative influence. Effects: More extreme group views, increased intergroup conflict.
What are the causes and effects of Prejudice?
Causes: Stereotypes, in-group/out-group bias, scapegoating. Effects: Discrimination, social inequality.
What are the causes and effects of Obedience to Authority?
Causes: Legitimate authority, fear of punishment. Effects: Compliance with orders, potential harm to others.