Scientific Foundations of Psychology

Independent t-test

Time-series analysis

Chi-square test

Correlation coefficient

It shows causality between two factors investigated within a research study.

It measures variant attributes within a single variable only.

It provides an estimate for standard deviation within the sample group.

It indicates the strength and direction of relationship between two variables.

Single-sample t-test

Mann-Whitney U test

Fischer’s Exact Test

Pearson’s correlation coefficient

It identifies outliers within a dataset.

It measures the strength of the effect observed in research.

It affirms the validity of psychological tests used in research.

It indicates the likelihood that results occurred by chance.

One-way ANOVA

Pearson's r

Dependent samples t-test

Independent samples t-test

Focus solely on the higher mode, since this represents individuals with more severe depression symptoms

Disregard modes and focus instead only on the median value across the entire distribution

Analyze the lower mode as a representative sample since it likely includes the majority of participants

Look at peaks on each mode simultaneously and assess whether either peak falls significantly outside the normal range

Addressing post-traumatic stress disorder

Implementing strict law and order measures

Fostering competitive sports activities

Encouraging entrepreneurial initiatives

Right skewed

a normal distribution

a bell curve

Left skewed

The validity of the data will not change

The data is less likely to be valid

The data is always acceptable

The data is more likely to be valid

Maintaining transparency throughout process communication open dialogue established ensuring respect autonomy rights protected upheld during entire process beginning end involvement researcher has responsibility both legally morally adhere these principles ensure welfare safety those involved safeguarded through each phase project conducting studies responsibilities included amongst other things proper treatment animals experimental conditions humane manner avoiding harm unnecessary suffering pain distress likely occur otherwise decisions made responsibly well thought out considering best interest subject hand taking steps mitigate reduce risk extent possible main goal safeguard participant wellbeing paramount importance balance scientific inquiry societal benefit weighed carefully before proceeding always keeping mind ultimate goal advancing knowledge understanding phenomena being examined questionnaires interviews observations experiments alike careful planning execution key success ethics front foremost priority regardless method chosen path followed pursuit truth discovery advancement field psychology general.

Observing informed consent prior obtaining any personal information form respondents.

Ensuring privacy & confidentiality throughout duration of participation via appropriate measures such as anonymization methods implemented correctly based on guidelines provided by APA standards practices policies including secure handling sensitive data transferred maintained stored securely accordingly.

Debriefing participants after completion of study so they understand true purpose & nature of research conducted.