All Flashcards
What are the key components of a strong argument?
Clear claims, relevant and sufficient evidence, logical reasoning, and acknowledgement of limitations.
How does evidence strengthen a claim?
Evidence provides factual support, making the claim more credible and convincing to the audience.
Why is it important to acknowledge limitations in an argument?
It demonstrates thoroughness, intellectual honesty, and awareness of the complexities of the topic.
How can rhetorical strategies weaken an argument?
If used manipulatively, they can distract from the logic and mislead the audience.
What does it mean for an argument to acknowledge complexity?
It considers the context, limitations, implications, and opposing viewpoints related to the topic.
Why is logical alignment important?
Ensures the conclusion naturally flows from evidence and claims, strengthening the argument's validity.
How do qualifiers affect an argument?
They can weaken claims if overused, but also add nuance and accuracy when appropriate.
What role does word choice play in argumentation?
Loaded language can sway emotions, while precise language can enhance clarity and credibility.
How do appeals to authority impact an argument?
Can strengthen an argument if the authority is credible and relevant, but can mislead if the authority is biased or unqualified.
What is the danger of overusing emphasis words?
Can make claims sound stronger than they are, potentially masking weak evidence or logical flaws.
When is inductive reasoning most appropriate?
When exploring a new topic or generating hypotheses based on observations.
When is deductive reasoning most appropriate?
When testing existing theories or applying general principles to specific cases.
Define 'line of reasoning'.
The path an argument takes to reach its conclusion, a series of claims supported by evidence.
What is a 'claim' in argumentation?
A statement that asserts something to be true, which requires evidence to support it.
Define 'evidence' in the context of an argument.
Factual information used to support a claim and strengthen the line of reasoning.
What is 'inductive reasoning'?
A bottom-up approach; starting with specific observations and moving towards a general conclusion.
What is 'deductive reasoning'?
A top-down approach; starting with broad facts/generalizations and drawing specific conclusions.
Define 'logical alignment'.
The natural flow from evidence and claims to a conclusion, where the conclusion logically follows.
What are 'rhetorical strategies'?
Techniques writers use to persuade their audience; can include word choice, appeals, and fallacies.
What is a 'fallacy' in argumentation?
A flaw in reasoning that weakens an argument, such as a slippery slope or ad hominem.
What does it mean for an argument to acknowledge 'complexity'?
To consider context, limitations, implications, and opposing viewpoints related to the argument.
Define 'validity' in the context of an argument.
The degree to which an argument's logic is sound and its conclusion is well-supported by evidence.