When exploring new phenomena or generating hypotheses based on observations.

When testing existing theories or applying general principles to specific cases.

The path an argument takes to reach its conclusion, a series of claims supported by evidence.

A statement that asserts something to be true, which requires evidence to support it.

Factual information used to support a claim and strengthen the line of reasoning.

A bottom-up approach; starting with specific observations and moving towards a general conclusion.

A top-down approach; starting with broad facts/generalizations and drawing specific conclusions.

The natural flow from evidence and claims to a conclusion, where the conclusion logically follows.

Techniques writers use to persuade their audience; can include word choice, appeals, and fallacies.

A flaw in reasoning that weakens an argument, such as a slippery slope or ad hominem.

To consider context, limitations, implications, and opposing viewpoints related to the argument.

The degree to which an argument's logic is sound and its conclusion is well-supported by evidence.

The path an argument takes to reach its conclusion, using claims supported by evidence.

A statement that asserts something to be true; it requires evidence to be convincing.

Factual information used to support a claim, such as data, statistics, or expert opinions.

A bottom-up approach; specific observations lead to a general conclusion.

A top-down approach; broad facts or generalizations lead to specific conclusions.

The logical soundness of an argument; the conclusion naturally follows from the evidence and claims.

The consistency between the line of reasoning and the conclusion; the conclusion should logically follow from the evidence.

Techniques used to persuade an audience, which can include word choice, appeals, and qualifiers.

A flaw in reasoning that makes an argument invalid or unsound; examples include slippery slope and no true Scotsman.

The background information or circumstances relevant to an argument, including what is already known about the topic.