The distribution of sample statistics (e.g., sample means) calculated from multiple samples taken from the same population.

The standard deviation of a sampling distribution; it measures the variability of sample statistics around the population parameter.

The CLT states that the sampling distribution of the sample mean approaches a normal distribution as the sample size increases, regardless of the population distribution's shape.

The average value of a variable in the entire population.

The average value of a variable calculated from a sample of the population.

$\sigma_{\bar{x}} = \frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}$

$\sigma_{\hat{p}} = \sqrt{\frac{p(1-p)}{n}}$

$\mu_{\bar{x}} = \mu$

Standard Deviation: Measures the spread of individual data points in a single sample or population. | Standard Error: Measures the spread of sample statistics (e.g., sample means) in a sampling distribution.