All Flashcards
What are the differences between rejecting the null hypothesis and failing to reject the null hypothesis?
Rejecting: Sufficient evidence to say H₀ is likely false. | Failing to reject: Not enough evidence to reject H₀; does NOT mean H₀ is true.
What is the formula for the z-score in a one-proportion z-test?
z = (p̂ - p₀) / √(p₀(1-p₀)/n), where p̂ is the sample proportion, p₀ is the hypothesized population proportion, and n is the sample size.
What is the formula for the test statistic (t) in a one-sample t-test?
t = (x̄ - μ) / (s/√n), where x̄ is the sample mean, μ is the population mean, s is the sample standard deviation, and n is the sample size.
What is the null hypothesis (H₀)?
A statement that there is no effect or no difference; the hypothesis we are trying to disprove.
What is the alternative hypothesis?
The hypothesis that contradicts the null hypothesis; it represents what we are trying to find evidence for.
What is a p-value?
The probability of observing a test statistic as extreme as, or more extreme than, the one computed, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
What is the significance level (α)?
The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true (Type I error).
What does it mean to 'reject the null hypothesis'?
To conclude that there is sufficient evidence to suggest the null hypothesis is false.
What does it mean to 'fail to reject the null hypothesis'?
To conclude that there is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis; it does NOT mean the null hypothesis is true.