All Flashcards
What is the definition of Sampling Error?
The error caused by a sample not perfectly representing the population.
What is the definition of Measurement Error?
Inaccuracies in measuring variables, often due to confounding factors.
What is the definition of Bias?
Systematic errors in sampling, measurement, or analysis, leading to skewed results.
What is a Type I error?
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true (false positive).
What is a Type II error?
Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false (false negative).
Define Power (statistical)
The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis.
What are the differences between Type I and Type II errors?
Type I: Rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive). Probability is . | Type II: Failing to reject a false null hypothesis (false negative). Probability is .
What are the differences between random sampling and convenience sampling?
Random Sampling: Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Reduces bias. | Convenience Sampling: Selecting participants based on ease of access. High risk of bias.
What are the differences between leading and neutral questions?
Leading questions: Prompt a specific response, introducing bias. | Neutral questions: Do not suggest a desired answer, minimizing bias.
What is the probability of making a Type I error?
Equal to the alpha level ().
How is Power related to Type II error probability ()?
Power = 1 -