What is the probability of making a Type I error?

Equal to the alpha level (α\alpha).

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What is the probability of making a Type I error?

Equal to the alpha level (α\alpha).

How is Power related to Type II error probability (β\beta)?

Power = 1 - β\beta

What are the differences between Type I and Type II errors?

Type I: Rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive). Probability is α\alpha. | Type II: Failing to reject a false null hypothesis (false negative). Probability is β\beta.

What are the differences between random sampling and convenience sampling?

Random Sampling: Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Reduces bias. | Convenience Sampling: Selecting participants based on ease of access. High risk of bias.

What are the differences between leading and neutral questions?

Leading questions: Prompt a specific response, introducing bias. | Neutral questions: Do not suggest a desired answer, minimizing bias.

Explain the concept of alpha level (α\alpha).

The probability of making a Type I error. A common value is 0.05, meaning there is a 5% chance of rejecting a true null hypothesis.

Explain how random sampling minimizes bias.

Random sampling gives each member of the population an equal chance of being selected, reducing the likelihood of systematic differences between the sample and the population.

Explain how blocking minimizes confounding variables.

Blocking groups subjects with similar characteristics together. This ensures that these variables don't skew your results.

Explain the impact of a Type I error.

It can lead to false conclusions, where a treatment or effect is believed to exist when it actually does not. This can result in wasted resources or incorrect decisions.

Explain the impact of a Type II error.

It can lead to missed opportunities, where a real treatment effect is not detected. This can prevent the adoption of beneficial practices or treatments.

Explain how increasing sample size affects Type II error.

Increasing sample size increases the power of a test, which decreases the probability of committing a Type II error.