Exploring One–Variable Data

One-way ANOVA

t-test for independent means

Chi-squared goodness-of-fit test

Z-test for single proportion

To display frequencies or counts for categorical data

To depict relative proportions of different categories

To show trends over time

To compare continuous data

It has no effect on interpretation since it merely represents additional data points accurately.

It can obscure meaningful patterns or trends within less common categories by lumping them together.

It usually increases clarity by simplifying the number of categories displayed.

It guarantees more accurate representations by accounting for all possible responses.

Radar chart comparing subject preferences across grade levels

Boxplots for each subject area split by grade level

Horizontal bar chart showing total number of student preferences per subject area

Pareto Chart ordered by frequency within each grade level

As mosaic plots become complex with more variables, they may confuse readers unaccustomed to interpreting interactions present in multiple dimensions.

They are preferred for multi-variable relationships as they do not require numerical scales, which makes them universally understandable.

Mosaic plots typically simplify data analysis because they use colored segments to distinguish between variables effectively.

Mosaic plots inherently reveal correlations between variables clearly by adjusting segment widths and heights proportionally.

Choosing appropriate and consistent scales

Increasing the width of the bars

Adding a legend to the graph

Labeling the horizontal axis

One school prefers smartphones less than the other overall.

Students at both schools do not use smartphones frequently enough for accurate data collection.

Both schools have similar preferences for certain brands.

The survey method used to collect data was biased towards certain brands.

Health insurance coverage cannot be compared accurately using multiple-pie-chart format.

A single pie chart per demographic group renders comparison impossible.

Entire populations need to be aggregated in a single display to provide a clearer overview.

By visualizing proportional breakdowns separately yet concurrently, direct comparisons can easily be drawn.

Each segment represents equal proportions since segmented bar charts require equal sample sizes across groups.

There may be different hobby preferences associated with each gender within the population sampled.

There must have been error during data collection due to reported inconsistencies regarding hobbies.

Segment length variations are purely coincidental and do not imply any meaningful trend or pattern existent among genders.

Dot Plot

Pie Chart

Line Graph

Stem-and-leaf Plot