Collecting Data
Which graphical representation shows the distribution of a quantitative variable's frequency within intervals?
Bar graph
Scatterplot
Pie chart
Histogram
In examining datasets containing SAT scores and GPAs for applicants from various high schools, what technique assesses whether high school has any effect on the relationship between SAT scores and college GPAs?
Pearson correlation coefficient
Simple linear regression
Hierarchical linear modeling
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
When a study finds that as the number of firefighters at a fire scene increases, so does the damage caused by the fire, what is this scenario an example of?
A spurious correlation that does not imply causation.
Deterministic correlation signaling a certain increase in damage with more firefighters.
Reverse causation where more damage necessitates more firefighters.
Direct causation where more firefighters cause more damage.
What is the probability of rolling an even number on one six-sided die and flipping heads on a fair coin?
What value does the probability of a certain event have?
-1
0
Greater than one but less than two
1
Which sampling technique requires selecting every kth element from a listed population?
Snowball sampling
Multistage sampling
Systematic sampling
Convenience sampling
Which if the following is crucial for deciphering whether the data is misleading?
Analyzing the visual representation of the data
Relying solely on data counts
Accepting the conclusion without questioning
Trusting the creator's intentions

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Given An Observational Study Finding A Positive Association Between Cell Phone Use And Academic Performance What Is The Most Prudent Conclusion
One Using Cell Phones For Learning Purposes Directly Improves Student Academic Outcomes
Two High Performing Students Might Choose To Use Their Cell Phones More Often For Nonacademic Reasons Leading To Confounding Results
Increased Cell Phone Usage Could Reflect Greater Access To Educational Resources But Doesn't Necessarily Lead To Better Academics
Three There's Likely No Actual Relationship Since It Contradicts Common Assumptions About Distractions And Schoolwork
If one wanted to predict a student's performance based on the number of hours they studied and their GPA, what type of analysis would best model this relationship?
Correlation coefficient
Multiple regression
Two-sample t-test
Simple linear regression
When designing an experiment to compare the predictive accuracies of logistic versus probit regression models when outcomes are binary, which technique will reveal differences in these model's assumptions about variable distribution?
Calculation of odds ratios at median covariate values
Assessment through Brier score comparisons at fixed probabilities
Analysis of deviance residuals under varied covariate distributions
Estimation using maximum likelihood at identical cut-off points