Collecting Data
What statistical measurement describes how far apart the smallest and largest observations are?
Range
Standard deviation
Mean
IQR
What technique assigns subjects to treatment groups using a chance process?
Block design
Nonresponse bias
Census
Random assignment
In planning an observational study regarding sleep habits and academic performance, what is the best strategy for reducing variability within groups?
Conducting the study over a longer time period.
Increasing the number of subjects in the study.
Assigning subjects randomly to two groups.
Matching subjects based on characteristics like age and gender.
What do we use to describe the spread of values around the mean in a data set?
Standard deviation
Median
Mode
Midrange
If a researcher uses a larger sample size when conducting a study, how does this generally affect the width of the resulting confidence interval for the population mean?
It decreases the width of the confidence interval.
It makes the confidence interval wider, but only if variability is high.
It increases the width of the confidence interval.
It has no effect on the width of the confidence interval.
Which method involves selecting individuals such that each has an equal chance of being chosen?
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Simple random sampling (SRS)
Cluster sampling
When inferring a causal relationship from an observational study on the effect of exercise on stress levels, which of the following is a critical consideration to avoid incorrectly attributing correlation as causation?
The proportion of participants who report lower stress levels after exercising.
The strength of the correlation coefficient between exercise and stress levels.
The possibility of lurking variables that could influence both exercise and stress levels.
The sample size used in the study to measure the effect of exercise on stress.

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When conducting an observational study on dietary habits, why would scientists prefer stratified sampling over simple random sampling?
Because it's easier and cheaper than other sampling techniques
Because it reduces variability within each stratum compared to other methods
To simplify analysis by limiting diversity within chosen samples
To ensure representation from specific subgroups within the population
Which sampling method ensures that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected?
Simple random sampling from the entire student population.
Stratified random sampling based on grade levels at one school.
Systematic sampling by choosing every tenth student who enters the cafeteria.
Cluster sampling by selecting whole classrooms at random.
Why would researchers use block designs when conducting experiments comparing fertilizer effects on crop yields?
It ensures equal distribution of fertilizers across crops
To account for variations among fields like soil composition or moisture levels
It's required by agricultural experimental protocols
This method maximizes yield regardless of experimental conditions