Collecting Data
Which element is critical in designing an experiment to determine whether a new fertilizer increases plant growth more effectively than the standard one?
Measuring plant growth only at the end of the growing season.
Ensuring that both fertilizers are applied under similar environmental conditions.
Observing only a specific species of plants for uniformity reasons.
Applying different amounts of each fertilizer based on plant type.
In a matched pairs design, each pair receives:
No treatments, only control groups
Both treatments in a random order
Only one treatment randomly assigned
Only one treatment, predetermined by the researcher
When comparing the means of two different treatments in a completely randomized design, which type of statistical test is appropriate for determining if there is a significant difference between the treatments given unequal sample variances and sizes?
Welch's t-test
One-sample t-test
Chi-squared test for independence
Paired samples t-test
Which of the following allows experiments to establish causation?
Treatment imposition
Manipulation of explanatory variables
Random assignment
Use of a control group
Which of the following is a measure of center?
Interquartile range
Mean
Standard deviation
Range
Which of the following statements about confounding variables is true?
They are the variables that are intentionally changed.
They are the set of individuals who are used as a baseline comparison.
They are the outcomes that are measured by the researcher.
They influence the response variable but are not manipulated or controlled by the researcher.
If an AP Statistics student wants to test the effectiveness of a new studying technique on exam scores, which design aspect is essential for minimizing variability within treatment conditions?
Using only volunteer students as subjects.
Pairing subjects based on their GPAs.
Random assignment of subjects to treatments.
Assigning treatments based on class schedules.

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What type of experimental design reduces variability within treatment conditions and provides more precise estimates of treatment effects?
Using matched pairs where each subject serves as their own control.
Conducting a completely randomized design without any form of blocking or pairing.
Assigning all subjects randomly without considering their characteristics.
Blocking based on similar characteristics before randomly assigning treatments.
In an experiment designed to compare four diets on weight loss, what technique ensures that variability among subjects does not confound the effect of diet comparison?
Blocking by gender only
Randomization
Stratification
Replication
In an experiment that studies the effects of different types of exercise on weight loss, what would be the response variable?
Type of exercise
Experimental units
Amount of weight loss
Control groups