A judicial philosophy that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power and defer to the legislative and executive branches.

A judicial philosophy that encourages judges to use their power to correct injustices, especially when the other branches of government are unwilling or unable to do so.

Cause: Presidents appoint justices who share their views. Effect: Potentially shifts the Court's ideology.

Cause: Congress limits the Court's jurisdiction. Effect: Prevents certain appeals.

Cause: The Executive Branch may not enforce the Court's decisions. Effect: Limits the impact and authority of the Court's rulings.

Cause: Highly controversial confirmation process. Effect: Seen by many as politically motivated, increasing perceptions of partisanship on the Court.

Cause: Seen as politically motivated, leading to partisan battles. Effect: Increased perceptions of partisanship on the Court.

Established judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.

Established a woman's right to an abortion, based on the right to privacy.

Established that criminal suspects must be informed of their constitutional rights, including the right to an attorney and against self-incrimination, prior to interrogation.

Established that states are required to provide legal counsel to indigent defendants in criminal cases.