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What is the difference between civil liberties and civil rights?
Civil liberties: protections *from* the government. Civil rights: protections *by* the government against discrimination.
What is the main purpose of the Constitution?
To establish the framework and operating procedures of the U.S. federal government.
What is the main purpose of the Bill of Rights?
To protect individual liberties from government overreach.
What does the First Amendment protect?
Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.
What right does the Second Amendment guarantee?
The right to keep and bear arms.
What protection does the Fourth Amendment provide?
Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.
What rights are guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment?
Right to due process, protection against self-incrimination, and double jeopardy.
What rights are guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment?
Right to a fair and speedy trial, including the right to an impartial jury and to be informed of the charges.
What does the Eighth Amendment protect against?
Excessive bail and fines, and cruel and unusual punishments.
What is the focus of the Ninth Amendment?
The enumeration of certain rights does not deny other rights retained by the people.
What does the Tenth Amendment address?
Powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people.
What are civil liberties?
Basic rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, protecting individuals from government interference.
Define the Bill of Rights.
The first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, protecting individual liberties.
What is symbolic speech?
Nonverbal actions that express a political or social message.
What is 'clear and present danger'?
A doctrine allowing the government to restrict speech that poses an immediate threat to public safety.
Define 'double jeopardy'.
Being tried twice for the same crime, prohibited by the Fifth Amendment.
What is 'due process of law'?
Fair treatment through the normal judicial system, guaranteed by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.
Define 'self-incrimination'.
The act of exposing oneself to prosecution, prohibited by the Fifth Amendment.
What is 'probable cause'?
Reasonable grounds for making a search, seizure, or arrest.
Define 'judicial review'.
The power of the judiciary to declare laws unconstitutional.
What is the exclusionary rule?
A rule preventing illegally obtained evidence from being used in a trial.